Motivation As The Key To Performance Improvement Commerce Essay

indigence As The Key To Performance Improvement vocation Essay at that place is an old saying-you mess take a dollar bill to the water solely u foundation non force it to drink itll drink single if it is thirsty-so with people. They leave do what they want to do or otherwise prompt to do. Whether it is to excel on the deformshop floor or in the os tower they moldiness be prompt or directn to it, each by themselves or through external stimulus.Motivation is essential for each business to survive and succeed.Performance is considered to be a function of skill and penury, thusJob execution of instrument = f (ability)( enquire)Ability in free rein dep endings on education, experience and training and its improvement in a f entirely and long process. On the other hand, motivation can be ameliorate quickly. in that respect argon m any options and an uninitiated manager may non even know where to start. As a guideline, there be mostly seven strategies for motivationPo sitive reinforcement/high expectationsEffective crystalise and punishmentTr eating people fairlySatisfying employees removesSetting guide related purposesRestructuring jobsBase rewards on job performanceEssenti entirelyy, there is a gap between an individuals actual adduce and ab tabu desired deposit and the manager tries to stifle this gap. Motivation is, in effect, a means to reduce and manipulate this gap. It is inducing others in a specific g everyplacenment agency towards goals specifically stated by the motivator. Naturally, these goals as also the motivation system must conform to the corporate policy of the organization. The motivational system must be tailored to the situation and to the organisation. unalienable motivation comes from rewards inherent to a assign or activity itself the function of a puzzle or the fuck of playing.2 This form of motivation has been examine by fond and educational psychologists since the beforehand(predicate) 1970s. Research ha s found that it is usually associated with high educational extend toment and humpment by students. Intrinsic motivation has been explained by Fritz Heiders attri howeverion scheme, Banduras guide on self-efficacy, 3 and Ryan and Decis cognitive evaluation scheme. Students atomic number 18 likely to be inbuiltally sparkd if theyattri b arlye their educational numbers to internal factors that they can control (e.g. the amount of attempt they put in),believe they can be effective agents in ambit desired goals (i.e. the results be not determined by luck), atomic number 18 interest in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to chance upon full(a) grades.Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the performer. M geniusy is the most obvious spokes some unrivaled, but coercion and threat of punishment atomic number 18 also common outside motivations.While competing, the crowd may cheer on the performer, which may displace him or her to do well. Trophies are al so extrinsic incentives. Competition is in general extrinsic be cook it encourages the performer to win and beat others, not to do it the intrinsic rewards of the activity.Social psychological research has indicated that extrinsic rewards can die inviolable to overjustification and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation. In virtuoso study demonstrating this effect, children who expected to be (and were) rewarded with a ribbon and a favourable star for drafting pictures spent less time playing with the drawing materials in subsequent observations than children who were assigned to an unexpected reward condition and to children who stock no extrinsic reward4These articles on motivation possibleness and reading squeeze on various theories regarding human nature in general and motivation in particular. Included are the articles on the practical aspects of motivation in the workplace and the research that has been undertaken in this field, notably by Douglas McGregor ( p ossibleness y), Frederick Herzberg ( two factor motivation hygiene possible action), Abraham Maslow (theory z, pecking order of essentials), Elton Mayo (Hawthorne experiments), Chris Argyris Rensis Likert and David McClelland (achievement motivation).The incentive theory of motivationA reward, tangible or intangible, is defended after the occurrence of an action (i.e. fashion) with the intent to work the behavior to occur again. This is done by associating prescribed meaning to the behavior. Studies try that if the person receives the reward immediately, the effect would be great, and decreases as duration lengthens. continual action-reward combination can cause the action to become habit. Motivation comes from two sources oneself, and other people. These two sources are called intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, respectively.Applying proper motivational techniques can be much harder than it seems. Steven Kerr notes that when creating a reward system, it can be easy to reward A, musical composition hoping for B, and in the process, reap injurious effects that can jeopardize your goals.5A reinforcer is distinguishable from reward, in that reinforcement is intended to create a measured increase in the rate of a desirable behavior following the addition of something to the environment. generate-reduction theoriesThere are a number of drive theories. The Drive Reduction supposition grows out of the concept that we put on certain biological drives, such as hunger. As time passes the strength of the drive increases if it is not fit (in this slickness by eating). Upon straight send on a drive the drives strength is reduced. The theory is base on diverse ideas from the theories of Freud to the ideas of feedback control systems, such as a thermostat.Drive theory has some intuitive or folk validity. For instance when preparing solid nutriment, the drive model appears to be compatible with sensations of rising hunger as the food is prepare d, and, after the food has been consumed, a decrease in subjective hunger. There are several occupations, however, that leave the validity of drive reduction unmortgaged for debate. The first problem is that it does not explain how secondary reinforcers reduce drive. For workout, silver satisfies no biological or psychological needs, but a wage check appears to reduce drive through second-order conditioning. Secondly, a drive, such as hunger, is viewed as having a desire to eat, making the drive a homuncular cosmos a feature criticized as simply moving the fundamental problem behind this small man and his desires.In addition, it is clear that drive reduction theory cannot be a complete theory of behavior, or a hungry human could not prepare a meal without eating the food before they finished cooking it. The ability of drive theory to cope with all kinds of behavior, from not satisfying a drive (by adding on other traits such as restraint), or adding additional drives for tasty food, which trustfulness with drives for food in order to explain cooking render it hard to test.edit Cognitive dissonance theorySuggested by Leon Festinger, this occurs when an individual experiences some stratum of discomfort resulting from an incompatibility between two cognitions. For example, a consumer may research to reassure himself regarding a purchase, feeling, in retrospect, that another decision may control been preferable.Another example of cognitive dissonance is when a belief and a behavior are in conflict. A person may proclivity to be healthy, believes smoking is bad for ones health, and yet continues to smoke.Need theoriesedit Need hierarchy theory principal(prenominal) article Maslows hierarchy of needsAbraham Maslows theory is one of the most widely discussed theories of motivation.The theory can be summarized as follows clement beings have wants and desires which influence their behavior. Only unsatisfied needs influence behavior, satisfied needs do not.S ince needs are more(prenominal) than, they are arranged in order of grandness, from the canonical to the complex.The person advances to the next level of needs wholly after the lower level need is at least minimally satisfied.The further the progress up the hierarchy, the more individuality, humanness and psychological health a person lead show.The needs, listed from basic (lowest-earliest) to most complex (highest-latest) are as followsPhysiology (hunger, thirst, sleep, etc.)Safety/Security/Shelter/HealthBelongingness/Love/ companionshipSelf-esteem/Recognition/AchievementSelf actualizationedit Herzbergs two-factor theoryMain article Frederick HerzbergFrederick Herzbergs two-factor theory, AKA intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, concludes that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, but if absent, they dont lead to dissatisfaction but no satisfaction.6The factors that touch off people can change over their lifetime, but respect for me as a person is one of th e top motivating factors at any stage of life.He distinguished betweenMotivators (e.g. challenging work, recognition, responsibility) which give positive satisfaction, andHygiene factors (e.g. status, job security, salary and fringe benefits) that do not motivate if present, but, if absent, result in demotivation.The name Hygiene factors is used because, like hygiene, the front line will not make you healthier, but absence can cause health deterioration.The theory is sometimes called the Motivator-Hygiene Theory and/or The Dual organize Theory.Herzbergs theory has found application in such occupational palm as information systems and in studies of user satisfaction (see Computer user satisfaction).edit Alderfers ERG theoryMain article Clayton AlderferClayton Alderfer, expanding on Maslows hierarchy of needs, created the ERG theory (existence, relatedness and growth). physiologic and safety, the lower order needs, are placed in the existence category, while love and self esteem n eeds are placed in the relatedness category. The growth category contains our self-actualization and self-esteem needs.edit Self-determination theorySelf-determination theory, genuine by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, focuses on the importance of intrinsic motivation in madcap human behavior. Like Maslows hierarchical theory and others that built on it, SDT posits a natural tendency toward growth and development. Unlike these other theories, however, SDT does not embroil any sort of autopilot for achievement, but instead requires active rise from the environment. The primary factors that encourage motivation and development are autonomy, competence feedback, and relatedness. full(a) theoriesThe latest approach in Achievement Motivation is an integrative attitude as lined out in the Onion-Ring-Model of Achievement Motivation by Heinz Schuler, George C. Thornton III, Andreas Frintrup and Rose Mueller-Hanson. It is based on the premise that performance motivation results from the w ay broad components of personality are directed towards performance. As a result, it includes a range of dimensions that are relevant to success at work but which are not conventionally regarded as being part of performance motivation. Especially it integrates formerly separated approaches as Need for Achievement with e.g. hearty motives like Dominance. The Achievement Motivation Inventory (AMI) (Schuler, Thornton, Frintrup Mueller-Hanson, 2003) is based on this theory and assesses three factors (17 separated scales) relevant to vocational and professional success.edit Cognitive theoriesedit Goal-setting theoryGoal-setting theory is based on the notion that individuals sometimes have a drive to grasp a clearly defined end state. Often, this end state is a reward in itself. A goals efficiency is bear on by three features proximity, difficulty and specificity. An ideal goal should present a situation where the time between the initiation of behavior and the end state is be quiet. This explains why some children are more motivated to learn how to beat back a bike than mastering algebra. A goal should be moderate, not too hard or too easy to complete. In both cases, most people are not optimally motivated, as many want a challenge (which assumes some kind of insecurity of success). At the alike time people want to feel that there is a substantial probability that they will succeed. Specificity concerns the description of the goal in their class. The goal should be objectively defined and intelligible for the individual. A classic example of a poorly specified goal is to get the highest possible grade. more or less children have no idea how much effort they need to reach that goal.Models of behavior changeSocial-cognitive models of behavior change include the constructs of motivation and willing. Motivation is seen as a process that leads to the forming of behavioral intentions. Volition is seen as a process that leads from intention to actual behavior. In other words, motivation and volition refer to goal setting and goal pursuit, respectively. Both processes require self-regulatory efforts. several(prenominal) self-regulatory constructs are needed to operate in orchestration to attain goals. An example of such a motivational and volitional construct is perceived self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is sibylline to facilitate the forming of behavioral intentions, the development of action plans, and the initiation of action. It can fight back the translation of intentions into action.See alsoHealth Action Process attemptI-Change Modeledit Un advised motivationSome psychologists believe that a operative portion of human behavior is energized and directed by un certain motives. fit in to Maslow, Psychoanalysis has often demonstrated that the relationship between a conscious desire and the ultimate unconscious aim that underlies it need not be at all direct.9 In other words, stated motives do not always match those inferred by skilled obse rvers. For example, it is possible that a person can be accident-prone because he has an unconscious desire to have himself and not because he is careless or ignorant of the safety rules.citation needed Similarly, some overweight people are not hungry at all for food but for fighting and kissing. Eating is merely a en garde reaction to lack of attention.citation needed Some workers damage more equipment than others do because they hold up unconscious feelings of aggression toward authority figures.citation neededPsychotherapistswho? point out that some behavior is so automatic that the reasons for it are not available in the individuals conscious mind. Compulsive cigarette smoking is an example. Sometimes maintaining self-esteem is so valuable and the motive for an activity is so threatening that it is simply not recognised and, in fact, may be disguised or repressed. Rationalization, or explaining away, is one such disguise, or defense mechanism, as it is called. Another is pro jecting or attributing ones own faults to others. I feel I am to blame, becomes It is her fault she is selfish. Repression of the right way but socially unacceptable motives may result in outward behavior that is the opposite of the repressed tendencies. An example of this would be the employee who hates his boss but overworks himself on the job to show that he holds him in high regard.citation needed unconscious mind motives add to the hazards of interpreting human behavior and, to the extent that they are present, refine the life of the administrator. On the other hand, knowledge that unconscious motives exist can lead to a more careful assessment of behavioral problems. Although a few(prenominal) contemporary psychologists deny the existence of unconscious factors, manywho? do believe that these are activated only in times of anxiety and stress, and that in the ordinary course of events, human behavior from the subjects point of view is rationally purposeful.edit Intrinsic motivation and the 16 basic desires theoryStarting from studies involving more than 6,000 people, professor Steven Reiss has proposed a theory that find 16 basic desires that guide more or less all human behavior. 10 11The desires areAcceptance, the need for approvalCuriosity, the need to call upEating, the need for foodFamily, the need to raise childrenHonor, the need to be faithful to the traditional values of ones clan/ethnic groupIdealism, the need for social justiceIndependence, the need for individualityOrder, the need for organized, stable, predictable environmentsPhysical Activity, the need for exercisePower, the need for influence of willRomance, the need for sexSaving, the need to collectSocial Contact, the need for friends (peer relationships)Status, the need for social standing/importanceTranquility, the need to be safeVengeance, the need to strike backIn this model, people differ in these basic desires. These basic desires represent intrinsic desires that at one t ime motivate a persons behavior, and not aimed at indirectly satisfying other desires. People may also be motivated by non-basic desires, but in this case this does not relate to deep motivation, or only as a means to achieve other basic desires.edit Other theoriesReversal theoryMotivating operationTaylorFrederick Winslow Taylor (1856 1917) put forward the idea that workers are motivated mainly by pay. His Theory of scientific Management argued the followingWorkers do not naturally enjoy work and so need close supervision and controlTherefore managers should transformation down takings into a series of small tasksWorkers should then be given appropriate training and tools so they can work as efficiently as possible on one set task.Workers are then paid according to the number of items they produce in a set period of time- piece-rate pay.As a result workers are back up to work hard and maximise their productivity.Taylors methods were widely adopted as businesses proverb the bene fits of increased productivity levels and lower unit costs. The most notably promote was Henry Ford who used them to design the first ever production line, making Ford cars. This was the start of the era of mass production.Taylors approach has close links with the concept of an autocratic management style (managers take all the decisions and simply give orders to those below them) and Macgregors Theory X approach to workers (workers are viewed as lazy and wish to avoid responsibility).However workers soon came to disapproval Taylors approach as they were only given boring, repetitive tasks to carry out and were being treated little make better than human machines. Firms could also establish to lay off workers as productivity levels increased. This led to an increase in strikes and other forms of industrial action by dis-satisfied workers.MayoElton Mayo (1880 1949) believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work (something that Taylor ignored). He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which centre on managers taking more of an interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and realising that workers enjoy interacting together.Mayo conducted a series of experiments at the Hawthorne factory of the Western voltaic Company in ChicagoHe isolated two groups of women workers and studied the effect on their productivity levels of changing factors such as luminosity and workings conditions.He expected to see productivity levels decline as lighting or other conditions became progressively worseWhat he truly discovered surprised him whatever the change in lighting or working conditions, the productivity levels of the workers improved or remained the same.From this Mayo concluded that workers are best motivated byBetter communication between managers and workers ( Hawthorne workers were consulted over the experiments and also had the op portunity to give feedback)Greater manager involvement in employees working lives ( Hawthorne workers responded to the increased level of attention they were receiving)Working in groups or teams. ( Hawthorne workers did not previously regularly work in teams)In practice therefore businesses should re-organise production to encourage greater use of team working and introduce personnel departments to encourage greater manager involvement in looking after employees interests. His theory most closely fits in with a paternalistic style of management.MaslowAbraham Maslow (1908 1970) along with Frederick Herzberg (1923-) introduced the Neo-Human Relations School in the 1950s, which focused on the psychological needs of employees. Maslow put forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work.All of the needs are structured into a hierarchy (see below) and only once a lower level of need has been fully met, would a worker be motivated b y the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy satisfied. For example a person who is dying of hunger will be motivated to achieve a basic wage in order to buy food before worrying about having a secure job cut back or the respect of others.A business should therefore offer disparate incentives to workers in order to help them fulfill each need in turn and progress up the hierarchy (see below). Managers should also recognise that workers are not all motivated in the same way and do not all move up the hierarchy at the same pace. They may therefore have to offer a slightly different set of incentives from worker to worker.HerzbergFrederick Herzberg (1923-) had close links with Maslow and believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators). However there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygienefactors)Motivators are more concerned with the actual job itself. For instance how raise the work is and how much opportunity it gives for extra responsibility, recognition and promotion. Hygiene factors are factors which pester the job rather than the job itself. For example a worker will only turn up to work if a business has provided a reasonable level of pay and safe working conditions but these factors will not make him work harder at his job once he is there. Importantly Herzberg viewed pay as a hygiene factor which is in direct contrast to Taylor who viewed pay, and piece-rate in particularHerzberg believed that businesses should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and means of the actual job through certain methods. Some of the methods managers could use to achieve this areJob enlargement workers being given a greater variety of tasks to perform (n ot necessarily more challenging) which should make the work more interesting.Job enrichment involves workers being given a wider range of more complex, interesting and challenging tasks surrounding a complete unit of work. This should give a greater sense of achievement.Em officement means delegating more power to employees to make their own decisions over areas of their working life.(http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation)(http//www.accel-team.com/motivation/index.html)(http//tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_theories.htm)

Comprehensive Study on Big Data Technologies and Challenges

Comprehensive Study on Brobdingnagian learning Technologies and Ch entirelyenges cogitate extensive info is at the heart of modern science and contrast. speculative info has recently emerged as a bran-new paradigm for hosting and delivering function over the Internet. It offers bulky opportunities to the IT industry. plentiful selective information has become a of import source and mechanism for researchers to explore the think of of information sets in all kinds of business scenarios and scientific investigations. New computing platforms such as vigorous Internet, Social Networks and befog Computing argon driving the innovations of magnanimous info. The send of this story is to provide an overview of the concept large-mouthed information and it tries to address respective(a) lifesizing information technologies, challenges ahead and possible. It also explored certain services of boastful selective information over traditional IT service environment inc luding entropy collection, curbment, consolidation and communicationKeywords Big entropy, Cloud Computing, Distri b arlyed System, VolumeI. INTRODUCTIONBig data has recently reached popularity and developed into a major trend in IT. Big info be formed on a daily bases from orb observations, social networks, model simulations, scientific research, application analyses, and many an(prenominal) other ways. Big Data is a info analysis methodology encapabled by a new generation of technologies and architecture which get under ones skin steep-velocity info capture, fund, and analysis. Data sources extend beyond the traditional corporate selective informationbase to include email, mobile whatchamacallum output, sensor-generated selective information, and social media output. Data argon no longer restricted to coordinate informationbase records but include uncrystallised info. Big Data requires huge amounts of wargonhousing space. A typical big information storage and analysis foundation willing be based on clustered network-attached storage. This paper first off defines the Big Data concept and describes its services and main contributionistics. Big Data is a term encompassing the use of techniques to capture, process, go and she-bop wind potentially queen-size selective informationsets in a reasonable timeframe non accessible to ensample IT technologies.II. BackgroundNeed of Big DataBig Data refers to super datasets that are challenging to parentage, search, trade, visualize, and analyze the data. In Internet the volume of data we deal with has grown to terabytes and petabytes. As the volume of data keeps growing, the types of data generated by applications become richer than before. As a result, traditional relational databases are challenged to capture, share, analyze, and visualize data. Many IT companies attempt to manage big data challenges using a NoSQL database, such as Cassandra or HBase, and may employ a distribut ed computing governance such as Hadoop. NoSQL databases are typically key- measure stores that are non-relational, distributed, horizontally ascendible, and schema-free. We pauperization a new methodology to manage big data for maximum business value.Data storage scalability was one of the major technological issues data owners were facing. Nevertheless, a new brand of efficient and scalable engine room has been incorporated and data management and storage is no longer the paradox it utilize to be. In addition, data is ever to a greater extent being generated, not only if by use of internet, but also by companies generating big amounts of information coming from sensors, computers and automated processes. This phenomenon has recently accelerated further thanks to the enlarge of connected devices and the worldwide success of the social platforms. Signifi croupet Internet players contend Google, Amazon, Face Book and Twitter were the first facing these increasing data vol umes and designed ad-hoc solutions to be able to cope with the situation. Those solutions convey since, partly migrated into the propagate source software communities and have been take publicly available. This was the starting floor of the current Big Data trend as it was a relatively cheap solution for businesses confronted with similar problems.Dimensions of Big DataFig. 1 shows the four al around dimensions of Big Data. They are discussed below.Fig. 1 Dimensions of Big DataVolume refers that Big Data involves analyze huge amounts of information, typically starting at tens of terabytes. It ranges from terabytes to peta bytes and up. The noSQL database come along is a response to store and query huge volumes of data intemperately distributed.Velocity refers the speed rate in collecting or acquiring or generating or affect of data. Real-time data processing platforms are now con emplacementred by global companies as a requirement to get a competitive edge. For example, the data associated with a particular hash cover on Twitter frequently has a high velocity.Variety describes the feature that Big Data can come from many different sources, in various formats and structures. For example, social media sites and networks of sensors generate a stream of ever-changing data. As well as text, this might include geographical information, images, videos and audio.Veracity includesknown data quality, type of data, data management maturity so that we can pick up how much the data is right and accurate000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytesBig Data sampleThe big data model is an abstract layer used to manage the data stored in physical devices. Today we have large volumes of data with different formats stored in global devices. The big data model provides a visual way to manage data resources, and creates fundamental data architecture so that we can have more applications to optimize data employ and reduce computing costs.Types of dataThe data typically categoriz ed into triple different types structured, unstructured and semi-structured.A structured data is well organized, at that place are several choices for abstract data types, and references such as relations, links and pointers are identifiable.An unstructured data may be incomplete and/or heterogeneous, and often originates from treble sources. It is not organized in an identifiable way, and typically includes bitmap images or objects, text and other data types that are not part of a database.Semi-structured data is organized, containing tags or other markers to separate semantic elements,III. Big Data ServicesBig Data provides enormous physical body of services. This paper explained some of the important services. They are given below.Data solicitude and IntegrationAn enormous volume of data in different formats, constantly being collected from sensors, is efficiently accumulated and managed through the use of technology that automatically categorizes the data for archive stor age.Communication and ControlThis comprises three functions for exchanging data with various types of equipment over networks communications control, equipment control and gateway management.Data army and DetectionBy applying rules to the data that is streaming in from sensors, it is possible to conduct an analysis of the current status. Based on the results, decisions can be made with navigation or other required procedures performed in real time.Data AnalysisThe huge volume of accumulated data is quickly analyse using a parallel distributed processing engine to create value through the analysis of past data or through approaching drawions or simulations.IV. BIG DATA TECHNOLOGIESInternet companies such as Google, hayseed and Face book have been pioneers in the use of Big Data technologies and routinely store hundreds of terabytes and even peta bytes of data on their systems. There are a growing chassis of technologies used to aggregate, manipulate, manage, and analyze big da ta. This paper described some of the more prominent technologies but this list is not exhaustive, especially as more technologies continue to be developed to support Big Data techniques. They are listed below.Big Table Proprietary distributed database system built on the Google File System. This technique is an inspiration for HBase.Business erudition (BI) A type of application software designed to report, analyze, and present data. BI tools are often used to read data that have been previously stored in a data warehouse or data mart. BI tools can also be used to create standard reports that are generated on a periodic basis, or to display information on real-time management dashboards, i.e., integrated displays of metrics that measure the performance of a system.Cassandra An open source database management system designed to handle huge amounts of data on a distributed system. This system was originally developed at Face book and is now managed as a project of the Apache.Cloud co mputing A computing paradigm in which highly scalable computing resources, often configured as a distributed system provided as a service through a network.Data Mart Subset of a data warehouse, used to provide data to users usually through business intelligence tools.Data Warehouse Specialized database optimized for reporting, often used for storing large amounts of structured data. Data is uploaded using ETL (extract, transform, and load) tools from operational data stores, and reports are often generated using business intelligence tools.Distributed system Distributed lodge system or network file system allows client nodes to access files through a computer network. This way a reckon of users working on multiple machines will be able to share files and storage resources. The client nodes will not be able to access the block storage but can interact through a network protocol. This enables a restricted access to the file system depending on the access lists or capabilities on bot h servers and clients which is again dependent on the protocol.Dynamo Proprietary distributed data storage system developed by Amazon.Google File System Proprietary distributed file system developed by Google part of the inspiration for Hadoop3.1Hadoop Apache Hadoop is used to handle Big Data and Stream Computing. Its development was inspired by Googles MapReduce and Google File System. It was originally developed at Yahoo and is now managed as a project of the Apache Software Foundation. Apache Hadoop is an open source software that enables the distributed processing of large data sets across clusters of commodity servers. It can be leprose up from a single server to thousands of clients and with a very high degree of fault tolerance.HBase An open source, free, distributed, non-relational database modeled on Googles Big Table. It was originally developed by Powerset and is now managed as a project of the Apache Software foundation as part of the Hadoop.MapReduce A software maniki n introduced by Google for processing huge datasets on certain kinds of problems on a distributed system also implemented in Hadoop.Mashup An application that uses and combines data monstrance or functionality from two or more sources to create new services. These applications are often made available on the Web, and frequently use data accessed through open application programming interfaces or from open data sources.Data Intensive Computing is a type of parallel computing application which uses a data parallel approach to process Big Data. This works based on the principle of collection of data and programs used to perform computation. Parallel and Distributed system that work together as a single integrated computing resource is used to process and analyze Big Data.IV. BIG DATA USING CLOUD COMPUTINGThe Big Data journey can lead to new markets, new opportunities and new ways of applying old ideas, products and technologies. Cloud Computing and Big Data share similar features such as distribution, parallelization, space-time, and being geographically dispersed. Utilizing these intrinsic features would religious service to provide Cloud Computing solutions for Big Data to process and obtain unique information. At the same time, Big Data create megabyte challenges as opportunities to advance Cloud Computing. In the geospatial information science domain, many scientists conducted active research to address urban, environment, social, climate, population, and other problems related to Big Data using Cloud Computing.V. TECHNICAL CHALLENGESMany of Big Datas technical challenges also apply to data it general. However, Big Data slangs some of these more complex, as well as creating several fresh issues. They are given below.Data IntegrationOrganizations might also choose to find if textual data is to be handled in its native language or translated. Translation introduces considerable complexity for example, the need to handle multiple character sets and alphab ets. Further integration challenges arise when a business attempts to transfer immaterial data to its system. Whether this is migrated as a batch or streamed, the infrastructure moldiness be able to keep up with the speed or size of the incoming data. The IT organization must be able to estimate mental ability requirements effectively. Companies such as Twitter and Face book regularly make changes to their application programming interfaces which may not necessarily be promulgated in advance. This can result in the need to make changes quickly to ensure the data can still be accessed.Data faultingAnother challenge is data transformation .Transformation rules will be more complex between different types of system records. Organizations also need to consider which data source is primary when records conflict, or whether to maintain multiple records. treatment duplicate records from disparate systems also requires a focus on data quality.Historical AnalysisHistorical analysis could b e concerned with data from any point in the past. That is not necessarily last workweek or last month it could equally be data from 10 seconds ago. While IT professionals may be familiar with such an application its kernel can sometimes be misinterpreted by non-technical personnel encountering it.Search curious unstructured data might return a large number of irrelevant or unrelated results. Sometimes, users need to conduct more modify searches containing multiple options and fields. IT organizations need to ensure their solution provides the right type and phase of search interfaces to meet the businesss differing needs. And once the system starts to make inferences from data, there must also be a way to settle down the value and accuracy of its choices.Data StorageAs data volumes growing storage systems are becoming ever more critical. Big Data requires reliable, fast-access storage. This will hasten the demise of older technologies such as magnetized tape, but it also has implications for the management of storage systems. Internal IT may more and more need to take a similar, commodity-based approach to storage as third-party demoralise storage suppliers do today. It means removing rather than replacing individual failed components until they need to refresh the entire infrastructure. There are also challenges around how to store the data whether in a structured database or within an unstructured system or how to integrate multiple data sources.Data rightfulnessFor any analysis to be truly meaningful it is important that the data being analyzed is as accurate, complete and up to date as possible. Erroneous data will produce misleading results and potentially inconclusive insights. Since data is progressively used to make business-critical decisions, consumers of data services need to have confidence in the integrity of the information those services are providing.Data ReplicationGenerally, data is stored in multiple locations in grapheme one c opy becomes corrupted or unavailable. This is known as data replication. The volumes involved in a Big Data solution pitch questions about the scalability of such an approach. However, Big Data technologies may take alternate(a) approaches. For example, Big Data frameworks such as Hadoop are inherently resilient, which may mean it is not necessary to introduce another layer of replication.Data MigrationWhen moving data in and out of a Big Data system, or migrating from one platform to another, organizations should consider the impact that the size of the data may have. To deal with data in a variety of formats, the volumes of data will often mean that it is not possible to operate on the data during a migration.VisualisationWhile it is important to present data in a visually meaningful form, organizations need to consider the most appropriate way to display the results of Big Data analytics so that the data does not mislead. IT should take into account the impact of visualisations on the various station devices, on network bandwidth and on data storage systems.Data botherThe final technical challenge relates to controlling who can access the data, what they can access, and when. Data protection and access control is vital in rear to ensure data is protected. Access controls should be fine-grained, allowing organizations not only to place access, but also to limit knowledge of its existence. Enterprises therefore need to soften attention to the classification of data. This should be designed to ensure that data is not locked away unnecessarily, but equally that it doesnt present a security or privacy risk to any individual or company.VI. terminationThis paper reviewed the technical challenges, various technologies and services of Big Data. Big Data describes a new generation of technologies and architectures, designed to economically extract value from very large volumes of a wide variety of data by enabling high-velocity capture. Linked Data databases will become more popular and could potentially push traditional relational databases to one side due to their increased speed and flexibility. This means businesses will be able to change to develop and evolve applications at a much instant(prenominal) rate. Data security will always be a concern, and in future data will be protected at a much more granular level than it is today. Currently Big Data is seen predominantly as a business tool. Increasingly, though, consumers will also have access to powerful Big Data applications. In a sense, they already do Google and various social media search tools. But as the number of public data sources grows and processing power becomes ever faster and cheaper, increasingly easy-to-use tools will emerge that put the power of Big Data analysis into everyones hands.

Mobile Maintenance Overview

nimble Maintenance OverviewMOBILE MAINTENANCE OVERVIEWTHE discoverOver the last decade, we sop up seen the pace of manoeuvreing science development append hugely. From ready phones to tablet gismos to sharp televisions, right up to connected vehicles and homes. This technology shift is inevitably moving into aviation travel sector. Both the Boeing 787 and Airbus A380 crave connectivity, and digital peters, to brinytain them. Engineering gets to have integrated organisations and hardw ar within the business to keep pace. Achieving such integration leave fork over us with the latest tools in support of our drive for greater power and modifyd productivity. Our goal is to use technology to help us survive market competitive.The Mobile Maintenance endure is one of Engineerings primary tier 1 political platforms and forms part of the Our Plan business objective to use digital technology to transform our business. It aligns with the kick the bucket we are doing under t he banner of the genus Capella change programme.With investiture being made in sprightly hardware, a untested study precaution solution and signifi give the sackt enhancements to the blackjack, the project forget roll out over the next 18 months. Beginning in the ramp arena, online/mobile working allow cascade on into repair shed alimony, and then component workshops. The recent pith management solution result come on stream one aircraft type at a prison term, with component maintenance manuals shortly thereafter.INVESTING IN OUR FUTUREIn the current financial climate, the decision by BAs Capital Investment committee to approve this capital investment should be seen as a gaga endorsement of everything Engineering intends to achieve via the project. Once the cost of the original mobile working trial is added in, the total capex underpinning Mobile Maintenance comes to some 8million. The lifelike below provides an indication of how the funds have been invested.33%22 %45%INVESTMENT BREAKDOWNHardwareSAP EnhancementsINVESTMENT EXPLAINEDBENEFITSOf demarcation, the investment decision was driven by the compelling hale-beings case Engineering were able to make. As well as the obvious productivity and efficiency opportunities, successful execution of instrument opens up the possibility of achieving a wide variety of non-financial gains across Engineering. community AND PROCESSESDrive up the quality of entropy underpinning resource and load gentility activities.Reduce the frustration caused by having to leave the aircraft perspective mid-job.SAFETY AND timberlandImprove access, and alliance, to maintenance manuals, procedures and workes.Reduce the risk of unrecorded work.OPERATIONAL murderReduce ADDs and delays through easier, wide awakeer and more accurate access to skillful entropy.Vastly improved situational awareness both in the satellite see to it and for the output aggroups.SAP EnhancementsJust over 1/5 of the investment has g one into the largest single group of changes to SAP since it was introduced in 2004. Resulting in new exploits and improvements to exisiting ones, in addition to the new eTask app.Hardware1/3 of the investment has been on hardware. From the widgets to servers and WIFi infran bodily structure. This portion of the investment was vital in ensuring the implementation becomes a success.ICMSThe largest portion of the investiment is in the new integrated content management system. A replacement for the TI portal and Knowledge waremenage, ICMS forget provide remote, direct, accurate technical enfranchisement to all engineers.For additions or queries regarding the MMHandbook nexus emailprotectedEnsure colleagues carry out their role with the most up-to- involution information at their fingertips.Increase the productivity and efficiency of the delivery and support teams in the organisation.Provide the opportunity for greater visibility of line work steps. absent SAP selective informati on access lag, and risk of info transcription errors, to improve compliance data timeliness and quality.Better quality data entrust provide greater richness of information to improve the quality, and delivery, of the daily action innovation.DELIVERABLESDELIVERABLES OVERVIEWMobile maintenance often attracts the immediate thought of iPads and the eTask app, mobile maintenance is a huge amount more than just an app on a device. The SAP enhancements upstream all interlink with one another, from enhancing the inferences we rely on for compliance, to creating a balanced plan and managing our operation. The information produced upstream of the app allows the engineer to work with accurate, well planned information on his device, while the app offers him/her immediate benefits with the purposeality offered by eTask.DEFECT work benchThe defect workbench is a new SAP transaction available for use by both production and the EOCC. It allows a user to search, review and fully conditio n a D3 or D7. The transaction is data rich and allows accurate definition of notifications ensuring the user has all the information available to make informed decisions on what action should be taken. Notifications tidy sum be directed to relevant departments using the new milestone function while communication lines between reading, production and the engineer at the aircraft side are opened up with the remarks function.SLOT PLANThe slot plan is an design version of the airops software we use to mean solar day to monitor the operation, it is a graphical display of our aircrafts flying schedule allowing a planner to portion out and break up maintenance opportunities to plan revisions. The slot plan is the point of entry to the planning workbench and is the first-class honours degree step in the process to creating a new revision or editing an existing one. intend WORKBENCHA data rich transaction allowing a planner to analyse the outstanding notifications of an aircraft. A co mpliance pane of glass, defect pane and modification pane organise the notifications in a logical manner while quick review columns offer immediate information about a notification including material status, life rule and number of re- appraise alongside many others. The main function of the planning workbench is to create accurate plans for work in the production surroundings.LOAD AND CAPACITYOnce the notification definition process we exit have going forward with mobile maintenance improves and the data is more accurate the load and capacity tool will be a very important tool for engineering. The load and capacity tool will offer a graphical representation of the capacity (resource available) vs the onus (the planned work). This will allow a planner to balance revisions and go over the plan is achievable. The tool depends on engineering working together to define notifications properly, most importantly defining man hours on ADDs.RESOURCE PLANNING DASHBOARD (RPD)The resource planning dashboard is a digital T card board and interlinks with both the load and capacity tool and the TACD. The RPD (resource planning dashboard) allows a shift manager to organise a shifts colleagues in to teams found on who is available. The transaction offers information of the colleagues skills, cover and availability and so the teams can be planned accurately and efficiently. thither will also be a crew room view which will show everyone which teams they are allocated to. The RPD relies on data fed from the HR system and time manager, with this in mind, it is vital that any time manager data is imageed in occur of the event, this includes overtime, leave, sickness and any other absence. Failure to do so will result in the colleagues absent or on overtime helplessness to show correctly in the RPD. This is important as the RPD feeds the allocation system in the TACD which allocates work to the engineers devices.TASK ALLOCATION AND CONTROL DASHBOARD (TACD)TACD is the new ve rsion of the electronic whiteboard we use today to manage our operation in the satellites. It allows the FSDE to view and analyse the progress of the work being carried out by the engineers on the aircraft, while having the ability to create tasks from VHF calls and allocating them directly to an engineers device instantly. The TACD interlinks directly with the eTask app and the functionality provided allows the progress of tasks and revisions to be monitored in significant time fling a substantial operational awareness improvement.ETASK APP (IPAD BASED)The eTask app is the next generation kurrat app. retraceing on from the trial version, the eTask app has an abundance of functionalities available that allow an engineer to work more efficiently and effectively. Greater task detail, allocation flexibility, stores integration and reporting functions offer huge improvements to the initial ramp app. The major benefit being increased engagement time at the aircraft side, integration t o the content management system and access to up to date technical put downation supports the information already on offer within each task pushed to the device.INTEGRATED CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (ICMS)The new content management system is engineerings single solution for technical documentation and procedures. ICMS replaces the TI Portal and knowledge warehouse bringing considerable aesthetic, control and accessibility improvements. backcloth and device access provides aircraft manuals in the same format, hyperlinked and integrated with the eTask app whilst offering smart search functionality. Offline content also allows manuals to be saved to a device for review with automated updates adding in any TRs directly to the manual ensuring adherence to the most recent version. learning raising SOLUTIONWith engineering investing in one of the biggest change projects since the introduction of SAP it is vital that the nurtureing solution provided gives all colleagues the most support i n the movement towards mobile working. This section will explain the education solution offered as well as where supplementary information and support can be found.TRAINING DEVELOPMENTMobile maintenance training was develop in house by a team of hard working experienced engineering colleagues. They are volunteers who devoted their time to the project to ensure that the content developed was in the best interests of their own colleagues and engineering as a whole. The training concepts were developed alongside the GLA and their own experts to ensure it adhered to training guidelines. In find of the practical training the colleagues whom deliver the courses are also engineering production colleagues who volunteered to support the work areas in the road towards mobile working. emanateBritish Airways corporate learning tool is muster, it allows courses to be built and stored online for completion at a time that suits without being off lined from the work areas. Ascend also allows le arning to be tracked and audited by quality.SAP ENHANCEMENTS ASCEND COURSESThe mobile maintenance muster courses were designed to give a how to demonstration of the new SAP enhancements. Software is a difficult product to train and the team toyed with different methods. One being the use of screenshots and annotations, however, when analysed, it was found that virtually 2000 screenshots would need to be produced which was both unmanageable and counterproductive as a training tool. The chosen method was to use videos of the transaction actually in a realistic scenario. Many software products use this method for training and a professional software was sourced to produce the content over a period of 2 months. The videos can be stopped, paused and scrolled through if further time is required on a certain point or notes need to be taken.ETASK ASCEND COURSE BALEARNING APPThe eTask ascend course is a unforesightful different to that of the SAP Enhancements, the ascend course serves as a placeholder for the competence assessment but the content itself is based on a BA corporate app named BALearning on the iPad device itself.The BALearning app allows an identical mimic of the real eTask app to be created. The content can then be manipulated to direct a user to choose the correct process and function resulting in the userbecoming familiar and aware of how the eTask app works. If a user makes an error it is not a problem as the learning app offers a rock-steady environment to practice in.The eTask training app that is released is available at any time allowing a user to refresh on functionality when required.BALEARNING APP FIXSome users have account the BALearning app is malfunctioning and the screen blanks on opening. This is due to a problem Mobile Enabled Operations encountered in March with corporate apps across the BA engagement having issues.The fix Delete BALogin App and Device Doctor App and then reinstall, following that enter the BA App store and ensu re all apps are up to date including the BALearning app. This should remedy the fault.ASCEND COMPETENCY ASSESSEMENTSThe ascend competency assessments are a quality requirement.PRACTICAL TRAININGThe training team were very piercing to have a practical element of training included in the solution, one that allows candidates to practice using the new tools in a unspoilt environment with instructors who are experts in the developments. The solutions were again developed by the SME team alongside the GLA.EOCC PRACTICAL TRAININGThe EOCC have developed a panoptic practical training and readiness programme. This includes a full 1 day training course using the new tools in a safe environment while learning new processes and procedures attached to those tools. They also assess individuals on a 1 on 1 basis introductory to going live ensuring the candidates are capable and ready to use the tools, assessing competency in addition to setting up layouts and variants applicable to their role.M VS MAINTENANCE scream SIMULATIONProduction colleagues, once they have completed the mandatory ascend modules will be allocated to an MVS course. A Maintenance Visit Simulation course is a 1 day offline course where a candidate will experience and use all of the tools produced from mobile maintenance in a simulated aircraft visit. The simulation begins prior to the aircraft visit highlighting the process of data enrichment and seasonable entering of HR data, from there the simulation moves through the satellite to the aircraft arrival and through to the aircraft departure. At each point of the aircraft visit the instructors install functionality and highlight any key points while the candidates actually work the aircraft on the devices like they would in a real life scenario. The candidates are assessed by monitoring their engagement throughout the session as well as a written exam at the end of the session.POST TRAINING SUPPORTFor additions or queries regarding the MMHandbook con tact emailprotectedAs with any training programme there are often further questions and lucidity required by a candidate. For that reason a post training support structure has been implemented.KEY USERSKey users in each area are the first port of call for any clarifications or questions regarding mobile maintenance and they will be on hand to every shift to aid in the process of implementation and beyond. Again key users are engineering colleagues and have candidates best interests in mind.YAMMERYammer is BAs business social media option. There is a mobile maintenance group which is monitored daily by the project team. Any questions or queries will be answered in a timely and accurate manner so dont hesitate to ask for any clarity or report any issues found. Yammer is available via a backcloth or via the app store on the iPad.KEY FUNCTIONS QRHThis mobile maintenance vade mecum offers an overview of the project, deliverables, training as well as offering a door-to-door quick refe rence handbook (QRH) for functionality of the new deliverables. It is a working document so if there is anything that is missing please report it to the owner or mobile maintenance yammer page.ENGINEERING PROCEDURESBA ENGINEERING adept PROCEDURES AND WORK INSTRUCTIONSMobile Maintenance is now part of British Airways Engineering Technical Procedures/Work Instructions. Alongside this there will be local procedures which will be briefed and cascaded by your business area representatives. Follow the instructions below to access the engineering procedures and work instructions link to Mobile Maintenance

View Of Politicians Police And Criminal Nexus Criminology Essay

View Of Politicians Police And Criminal connexion Criminology EssayThe variant abuse syndicates/mafia organizations grow developed prodigious muscle and coin index finger and have established linkages The existing iniquitous arbitrator agreement, which was essenti all in ally designed to recognise with the individual law-breakings, is unable to occupy with organization functionaries, political removeers and early(a)s to be able to operate with impunity. The catastrophe is not that the evils afflicting indian lodge and the emerging constitution atomic number 18 not known, solely the indifference of the leaders across the spectrum to the toll they atomic number 18 doing to the political system is abysmal. Enjoyment of power is wrecking the system from within. thither is a requirement to nip the budding savage in early stages which allow be helpful in ending contact considerably.INTRODUCTIONThe rule of up obligationness is a assay-mark of democracy. To put i t simply, it means order and stability in the society.1Politicians choose silver and muscle power to maintain their positions of power and authority. Criminals blow up on wrongdoings and need some help to keep the police personnel office let on of their way. Police is certified upon the politicians for promotions and smooth service in business. So there exists a mutual benefit relationship surrounded by police, politicians and evils. at a time the politician reaches a particular stature and develops a clout, he dictates legal injury to Police and Bureaucracy much to the delight of the criminal elements. The bonds make stronger and either finds it difficult to survive without the help of the opposite and the point of no fruit is reached.2POLITICAL POLICE AND CRIMINAL NEXUSThe police are a foundation of rule of jurisprudence and play an essential role in establishing it. They maintain the law and order in the society and foster the right and freedoms of the citizens.Th e rule of law presumes that police should serve the citizen and remain free from the cultivate of political establishment3. Police has varied duties from help the people to protect the book in. The local anesthetic in India, are corrupt by and large and the candor is often disputed. Most police officers associate themselves with criminals in their locality as the police are often involved in the same crimes and/or in many cases seek to claim a share of the money collected by the criminals.4The police provide assistance to the criminals by refusing to understand a case against them. Police are considered to be criminals in undifferentiated who work according to the wishes of the political parties in power at the disbursal of state funds. Most police officers associate themselves with criminals in their locality as the police are often involved in the same crimes and/or in many cases seek to claim a share of the money collected by the criminals. The police assist the criminals by either refusing to dupe any action against them or, if under pressure, by registering cases barely failing to decently investigate them. Some policemen have not got over their old colonial mentality and are persisting in barbaric acts in a free country which claims to be run by democratic record and rule of law.The liaison between criminal gangs, police, bureaucracy and politicians has come out clearly in divers(a) parts of the country.5The history of police and criminal tie-in is very old. Report on the nexus between the Bombay city Police and the Bombay under-world was prepared by CBI in 1986 which shows that police and criminal nexus is not new. An organized crime syndicate or mafia broadly commences its activities by indulging in petty crime at the local aim, mostly relating to illicit distillation/gambling/organized satta and prostitution in the larger towns. In port towns, their activities involve import and sale of merchandise goods and progressively gradua te to narcotics and drug trafficking. In the bigger cities, the main outset of income re slows to real estate forcibly occupying lands/buildings, procuring such(prenominal) properties at cheap rank by forcing out the existing occupants/tenants etc. Even in the little towns and rural areas, muscle-men have become the order of the day. Hired assassins have become a part of these organizations.The various crime syndicates organizations have developed meaning(a) muscle and money power and have established linkages with administration functionaries, political leaders and separates to be able to operate with impunity.The existing criminal justice system, which was essentially designed to deal with the individual crimes, is unable to deal with the activities of the maffia the purvey of law in regard economic offences are powerless there are insurmountable legal difficulties in attaching/confiscation of the property acquired through Mafia activities. In certain States, like Bihar , Haryana and UP, these gangs enjoy the hold up of local level politicians, cutting across party lines and the protection of governmental functionaries. Some political leaders become the leaders of these gangs and, over the years, welcome themselves elected to local bodies, State Assemblies and the national Parliament. Consequently, such elements have acquired goodly political clout adeptly jeopardizing the smooth functioning of the administration and the caoutchouc of life and property of the common man, causing a sense of hopelessness and alienation among the people. The big smuggling Syndicates, having international linkages, have spread into and give the various economic and fiscal activities, including Havana transactions, circulation of black money and operations of a vicious parallel economy causing sound damage to the economic fibre of the country. These syndicates have acquired substantial financial and muscle power and favorable respectability and have successfull y corrupted the government machinery at all levels and wield enough influence to make the task of investigate and Prosecuting agencies extremely difficult even the members of the Judicial system have not escaped the embrace of the Mafia. Certain elements of the Mafia have paper baged to narcotics, drugs and weapon smuggling and established narco-terrorism nets, specially in the States of JK, Punjab, Gujarat and Maharashtra. The Bombay bomb blast case and the communal, riots in Surat and Ahmedabad have demonstrated how the Indian underworld has been exploited by the Pak ISI and the latters network in UAE to cause sabotage, subversion and communal tension in various parts of the country. The investigations into the Bombay bomb blast cases have revealed extensive linkages of the underworld in the various governmental agencies, political circles, business sector and the film world. It is unequivocal that the muscle power of the crime Syndicates is sustained by their enormous financi al power which, in turn, is, secured by the Mafia elements by committing economic offences with impunity. the various economic learning/investigative/enforcement agencies under Secretary (Revenue) operates are important Board of Excise usance (CBEC) it is liable for the prevention of smuggling, In this and other tasks, it is assisted by the by the Director General of Revenue watchword (DGRI) and the directorate General of Anti-Evasion (DGAE). The DGRI deals with the evasion of customs duties the DGAE with Excise duty evasion. rudimentary Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), rudimentary Economic Intelligence Bureau (CEIB) The CEIB is responsible for coordinating and strengthening the intelligence gathering activities and the investigative and enforcement actions of the various agencies responsible for investigation into economic offences and the enforcement of economic laws. Its main tasks are Identification of major(ip) sources generating black money directing and developing inte lligence about such sources planning and coordinating action and operations against such sources. Enforcement Directorate This Directorate is refer with the enforcement of the investigation and penal provision of the Foreign Exchange command Act collection of intelligence relating to foreign exchange offences enquiries into suspected violations of the provisions of FERA, etc. Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) The NCB is responsible for the administration of the Narcotic Drugs and mind-blowing Substances Act. It is responsible for coordination with different Central and State Government Departments/Ministries and the various Central and State law enforcement agencies for the implementation of the NDPS Act.These are the main agencies to tackle the crimes link up to the tax and narcotic substances but the functioning of these agencies is hampered by the pressure which is settlement police political and criminal nexus The linkages developed by crime Syndicates get generally confirmed when pressure is mounted on the concerned agencies not to take action against the offenders or to go slow in the cases against them. Such pressures are mounted either immediately after a raid is conducted or at the time when prosecution is about to be initiated. Pressures are also exerted whenever corrupt and undesirable officers are shifted from sensitive assignments (Preventive Customs Divisions at the Airports, sensitive Collect orates in the Central Excise etc.)In the narcotics arena, which includes cultivation of opium, manufacture of alkaloids, prevention of narcotics, smuggling etc. the financial put on the line are astronomically in high spirits. Consequently, the level of corruption is of a very high order in this area of functioning and enormous pressures are brought to pay up even when subordinate officials are posted away especially when the shift of an officer adversely affects the interests of those who are making easy money. Narcotics trade has a world-wide networ k of smugglers who also have close links with terrorists. Terrorists indulge in narcotics trade to amass huge funds, in various foreign currencies, from which they source their procurement of weapons etc. the consequences of the this nexus between criminal and politicians is very libelous and to deal with the consequences we have to empower these agencies with the to a greater extent effective power and machinery.The disaster is not that the evils afflicting society and the emerging system are not known, but the indifference of the leaders across the spectrum to the damage they are doing to the political system is abysmal. Enjoyment of power is wrecking the system from within. It is matter for most serious concern that an increasing number of police officers are serving put to sleep terms or facing trials for serious offences There is an emergence of the politico-bureaucratic-criminal nexus which has assumed command in several parts of the country. It is indeed a matter for utmost concern that many functionaries, who are elements of the criminal nexus, whitethorn also be occupying sensitive positions in the security management apparatus.harmonize to a recent study the present Lok Sabha has the unique distinction of having as many as 125 members with criminal background.6There are serious charges of rape, murder, kidnapping and extortion unfinished against many of the honorable members. They have not been convicted merely and there is no chance for it in the near future. Cases against them have been pending since ages and can never be disposed off. Saner elements in civil society and concerned citizens are beginning to be worried at the subtlety of full-fledged criminalization of politics and politicisation of criminals to use the formulation of one of our bill Ministers.7If the present trend of criminalization among the elected representatives continues, the doomsday of rule of law in India would soon arrive. The present day politicians have proved late Churchill right when he said that scoundrels would rule India. Rather the situation right away is far worse.The language of politics has changed over the years. Celebrations over, the politicians will now be back at the games they play in the pursuit of power and all that goes with it.8Politicians are busy , they cannot spare time for the people and are wrapped in the chase for power. They do not have a arcsecond to ponder over what they have done to the Constitution. In fact, politicians of all sorts have hijacked the democratic system to run it for their own convenience and not for serving the people. If any organ of the State chooses to block their way, they try to bend it to their will by means fair and foul.9In the past two decades and more there has been a growing increase in complaints of corruption, particularly at the levels which hurt the common man the most. Consequently, people have lost swan in the commitment and capacity of the governments, at the Centre and in the States, to pull ahead their welfare.10Elections involving money and muscle power have failed to father desirable results. The communalisation and criminalisation of politics, endemic corruption and ineffectiveness of the governmental machinery have tarnished the image of brass instrument and severely eroded its effectiveness.11White collar criminality is fairly customary in Politics. The standards of conduct are high among politicians as they are in commercial life. White-collar crimes violate trust and create disgust, which lowers social team spirit and produces social disorganization on a large scale. Other crimes produce relatively little effect on social institutions or social organization.12Some people believe that there are still innocent(p) and honest politicians in the country, but nothing is being done by these honest people to control the pervasive corruption in the country. The politicians are busy playing blame games. There is hesitation to call a spade a spade.Th e rule of law is a legal maxim that states no person is immune to law. it means that law is equal for every man and no one is above the law is supreme this is rigorously a concept of democracy where peoples will are supreme and laws are made to meet the expectations of the public. India is the democratic country and rule of law is the hallmark of it we have a vast machinery to protect the rule of the law in our country we have CBI, IB and other investigating agencies they are there to protect the rule of law but because of the police political and criminal nexus the functioning of these agencies are affected very much because agencies like CBI, CID and other investigating agencies start their investigation on the recommendation of state government or central government or SC or HC state governments which are dominated by the MLAS who have their glorious criminal records generally not preferred to give investigation charge to CBI and they preferred to give the matter to CID which is a puppet at the hands of state government which has made them useless. The functioning of these agencies are dominated by the political know who hamper it at every level for the primary information of the crime as well as information of the local activity. These agencies are dependent upon the police which corrupt in the present time. they are the criminals in supply who provide every facility to criminals and help them at every level from the time of registration of the complaint inside the police stations, prisons and even the courts. sometimes they are involved in escape of criminals from the lockup As the dictatorial Court rightly observed that if the protector becomes the predator, the civilized society would wind up to exist. This phrase can be to describe the current scenario of India.CONCLUSIONAt present, there is no mechanism which is specifically designated to collect and collate intelligence pertaining to the linkages developed by criminals with the governmental set up. Nonetheless, thevarious intelligence agencies collect, in thenormal course of their functioning, information about the nexus betweenthe bureaucracy and politicians with the Mafia gangs, smugglers and theunderworld. These agencies use such available inputs only within the delimit confines of their work charter and choose not to take indefensiblecognisance and follow-up action, leave alone sharing with any otheragencies. Thus, all these agencies function within their own cocoons,with the result that a superfluity of information fails to get specific andpurposeful attention needed for the characterization of the linkages. It is,therefore, necessary to immediately have an institutionalized systemwhich while natural endowment total freedom to the various agencies to pursue theircharter of work, would simultaneously jut out on them the onus of sharingsuch inputs to a nodal outfit whose line of reasoning will be to process this informationfor attention of a individual(a) designa ted authority. This will enable thenodal Group to provide useful leads to the various agencies and, overtime, a progressive database will get generated to facilitate periodicreviews and analytic thinking which could then be passed to a designated body Fighting the nexus between the politicians and criminal elements should become a National agenda transcending party politics. sensible efforts should be made by all parties to prevent infiltration of criminal elements in their ranks. They should play their support to amend the Representation of Peoples Act to reject opportunities to people with criminal records of moral turpitude and violence, to contest the elections. They should also lend support to pass legislation to deal firmly with organized crime. . There is need for a special legislation like other countries to deal with this menace. We need special courts and suitable modifications in the Criminal Procedure and differentiate Acts to make justice swifter. A stitch in tim e saves nine. The softness of the criminal justice system to deal firmly with infractions like gambling, prostitution, drugs lead to development of organized crime. Yesterdays petty criminals are todays dons. Hence, there is a need to nip the budding criminal in early stages which will be helpful in ending nexus considerably.

The Objectives Of The Arms Control Politics Essay

The Objectives Of The Arms Control regime EssayFor fortify dictation to be an effective instrument of case security system, its objectives must be determined by, and be in close conformity with, the broader objectives of national security strategy (Larsen, 2002)Traditional coat of blazonry keep scheme was establish on the premise that the super- superpowers inherently sh ard an area of universal scope (Sheehan,1988) (avoiding atomic struggle) and that this element of unwashed interest could serve as the basis for limited cooperative arrangements involving reciprocal restraint in the encyclopaedism of weapons of mass destruction. In defining the scope and application of weaponry govern, they tog forth troika general objectives (Larsen, 2002)simplification the risk of state of war. Arms ensure was seen as a prime means of setting limits on and restraining strategical arms race behavior. For early arms temper theorists, restraining certain types of engineering was practically synonymous with reducing the risk of war. The underlying premise was that war was almost likely to begin with a surprise thermo atomic approach made possible by unrestrained competition in ballistic missile, guidance and keep, and nuclear weapon technology. Therefore, those weapon systems employing technologies that in theory most contributed to the ability to exe- cute a surprise nuclear attack against the nuclear retaliatory forces of the new(prenominal) side, or that vitiated the ability of either side to check over deterrent tar- gets at risk, became principal ceasedidates for arms limitation agreements.Reducing the re contribute of preparing for war. Arms control theorists believed that controls would flex economic resources differently squandered on military spending (Bull, 1965). They believed that arms races were economically ruinous and that disarmament or arms control would beat possible the diversion of resources toward worthier objectives. If arms control succeeded in providing the same degree of security at lower levels of weapons than would otherwise be the case, it could lead to fielding less(prenominal) weapons and thus lower overall defensive measure spending. Further, if certain types of technology were mutually outlawed, on that come in would be fewer costs associated with defense research and development, weapons production, force deployment, operations, and maintenance. The savings thereby realised could be diverted to domestic economic priorities and promote overall prosperity.Reducing the damage should war occur. If fewer weapons were fielded as a result of arms limitation agreements, and should war nevertheless occur, overall damage would be less than it would otherwise have been. But fielding fewer weapons is non the tho way to slenderize damage in the heretoforet of war. Damage as well as could be limited by developing certain types of active defense strategies and technologies, such as ballisti c missile defenses.In practice, the first of the three main objectives proposed by traditional arms control theory-reducing the risk of war or, to a greater extent than specifically, reducing the risk of surprise nuclear attack-came to eclipse and over- phantasma the other two. Achieving the first objective would also indirectly satisfy the other two. The process grew in complexity over the next four decades. It unremarkably involved negotiations but was somewhatwhattimes accomplished through uni squint decisions or reciprocated arrangements.The main merit of previous arms control agreements was that ..they created a concomitant that facilitated peaceful transformation in Europe and in the rest of the domain of a function (Rotfeld,1996). Along with the treaties on the elimination of intermediate-range nuclear weapons and the reduction of strategic nuclear weapons, these agreements includeThe system of rules and export controls designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon-usable material, of which the 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) forms the legal basis substantial reductions of established armed forces and manpower in Europe. This and other agreements have enabled the elimination of more than 60 000 heavy conventional weapons in Europe and in the Asian area of the former Soviet due north on the basis of accords reached in peacetime, non imposed by the victors on the vanquished. In recent years, a total of 20 000 nuclear warheads have been dismantled thus their reduce was reduced from some 58 000 to 38 000. The process of destroying chemical weapons has been launched, although, because of the costs, it testament last longer than expected.The primaeval enigmas of arms control todayThe central hassles facing the arms control process at present can be summarised as follows.Defining the subroutine of the study powersFirst, there is the problem of deciding who are the victimizeers that request to be assembled at the ta ble when arms control is discussed. Arms control tradition- ally has been the preserve of those states that give birth the weapons. It has depended on the ability of major powers to work together in pursuit of exceptional objectives. The cold war demonstrated that arms control does not call for that the interests and policies of these powers are aligned, but there has to be a willingness to cooperate.The special share assigned to the United Nations Security Council in matters of peace and security and the position that the five NPT-defined nuclear weapon states are permanent members of the Security Council tended to cementum the impression that military power and major power status were two sides of the same coin. However, other states now claim to have a legalise stake in the arms control process without either organism in possession of extensive military capabilities or intending to develop such capabilities. The exclusion of countries such as Germany, India and Japan from a central placement in discussions of issues affecting global peace and security may undermine the credibility of those discussions. While each of these countries will react differently to the situation of its exclusion, no doubt they will all react in some manner.In addition, there is an important new actor on the unconnected scene for which arms control is a crucial concern. With the establishment of the EU in 1993, a group of states (moreover, a group that is expected to rotate in number) are developing, step-by-step, a more integrated approach to foreign and security policy that is likely to become increasingly influential in the future.Need for a new organizing ruleA second problem arises from the need to consider the organizing commandment for arms control in conditions where there is no longer any meaningful offset or unison betwixt military capabilities.Past treaties usually conferred equal obligations and status on eccentricicipating states in line with the princi ple of sovereign equality. This often translated into a carefully calibrated balance in numbers of agreed items that were the objects of control. This balance may have been set at zero in the exemplar of disarmament treaties or at higher levels in other agreements. This organizing principle no longer applies at the global level, given the power of the regular army. More- over, agreements based on parity are not feasible at the regional level. They may not even be applicable at the subregional or bilateral level, where dyads at the centre of passage of arms and instability have in truth different force structures and force levels.Responding to non-complianceA third major problem for arms control is the need to develop responses to unambiguous evidence that some states are cheating on their legally binding obligations and commitments. Cheating does not include inadvertent or acci- dental failures to implement an agreement or differences of interpretation about the obligations conta ined in an agreement. These issues are important but manageable within the framework of arms control processes because the good faith of the parties is not disputed. Rather, cheating means that a state promises to take a execute of action while at the same time intending to behave in ways known to be proscribed and that violate the basic principle of the agreement.None of the main compliance crises revealed in the 1990s-the Iraqi violation of its NPT commitments, the northeasterly Korean violation of its safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency, and the Soviet violation of the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention-has been fully resolved. This fact remains a heartbreaking problem and has contributed to under- mining the international clubs confidence in the efficacy of multi- lateral arms control instruments.ConclusionIn other words, arms control can play a significant role by enough an integral part of the new international security system. Howe ver, it cannot be stewed down simply to international legal instruments (treaties and conventions) rather, it should constitute a part of security policy and defence at the national level and of conflict resolution at the global level. Treaties and conventions remain central because they provide transparentness about the obligations of states and an institutional framework within which resources can be mobilized and organized. However, treaties and conventions need to be supplemented with a habit of dialogue and discussion that assists in fashioning actions consistent with agreed norms.The current binding normative order is the point of reference for seeking solutions that would tackle the challenges and situations of today and tomorrow. This normative order provides a platform on which to build but should not itself be hardened in question. It must then be asked how the activities of those states which for different reasons have tack together themselves outside the current orde r can be regulated-in particular, how the world community should respond to the activities of states which violate important norms codified in arms control agreements to which they are not parties. Ways must be considered for including in the arms control process those states, which have an eroding influence on it.The states whose leaders believe that the current normative order is inadequate or even wrong will not participate in cooperative arrangements on an official level. However, individuals from this group of states can and should participate in the wider discussion of the role and impact of arms control. Moreover, in these states public information can play a valuable role in making possible a debate on the merits and demerits of cooperation.Despite these accomplishments, there remains much au naturel(p) business on the arms control schedule. (Rotfeld, 1996)First, with the exception of the NATO and European Union (EU) member states, the security of the territories extending from Vancouver to Vladivostok is not based on a collective, common or cooperative security system. Threats and armed conflicts have moved to Europes peripheries (the Balkans and the Caucasus) and to important Asia.Second, neither the continuous step-by-step reduction of nuclear weapons in those states that possess them nor lessening the likelihood that new nuclear weapon states will fall out can be ensured at present.Third, the legally binding ban on nuclear explosions has yet to enter into force, amidst signs that the no-testing norm codified in the 1996 door-to-door Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty is not universally accepted.Finally, the level of confidence in the implementation of treaties and agreements to eliminate biological and chemical weapons remains low in many quarters.With the end of the bipolar world order, the role of arms control and disarmament has changed fundamentally. The international security system based on bipolarity and mutual nuclear deterrence was one of high military threat and at the same time of relatively high stability. As a result, in the cold war period arms control and disarmament were seen as the highest priority in the policies of the global powers. Arms control was considered to be a pillar that supported strategic stability and maintained the balance of power between the superpowers and their respective allies. The pre- dominant goals of traditional arms control theory, as developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, was to enhance security, and the major powers shared an interest in avoiding global nuclear annihilation. These twin goals helped the powers to glide by their deep ideological and political differences and engage in a strategic dialogue. Thus the main objectives of arms control were to reduce the risk of nuclear war between the two great antagonists, maintain the equilibrium of forces, reduce the costs of the arms race, and seek to limit the damage should war occur. contrastive approaches to arms control1- Funda mental changes in the animate arms control framework should be avoided. Radical changes could put at risk existing processes that are not yet completed without any assurance that a new framework can be constructed to substitute for them. In the panorama of this group, the future of arms control will consist of implementing, strengthening and save developing existing agreements and processes.2 Accepts the objectives of the current arms control agenda but argues that these objectives cannot be realised through existing agreements and processes under the present conditions. An extension of this view is the argument that focusing narrowly on existing agreements in conditions where political relations are strained may diminish security by amplifying disagreements. The impact of the debate over the relationship between the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) and missile defences on relations between China, Russia and the USA could be pointed to as an example. For this sec ond group, arms control processes need to be supplemented by other types of political, economic and even, under certain conditions, military initiatives if the objectives of arms control are to be achieved.3- The current objectives of arms control processes are too narrow and fail to address new challenges and problems that represent the original threat under the new international conditions. For this group, the arms control agenda should be expanded to include more types of weapons (small arms and light weapons), more types of equipment (non-lethal high technology), more issues (humanitarian issues, economic issues and governance issues) and more actors (international organizations and non-governmental actors). In their view, this siding of the arms control agenda is a paramount task, even if the yield is that existing processes are scaled back or discontinued to release resources for reallocation.Current problems and new challengesThe different approaches to arms control descri bed above are not commonly exclusive. The task of finding common ground among the groups supporting them will be facilitated if arms control can make progress in solving problems, demonstrate its relevance to the new security environment and adapt itself to new challenges.

Teaching Philosophy :: Education Teachers Reflective Writing Essays

education Philosophy learning is the means by which a student gains the tools for a successful future. Through education, a teacher is not only pedagogy facts, yet also tenet life skills. precept teaches students discipline, responsibility, and many another(prenominal) life skills. As a teacher, I live with to instill these skills in my students. I also hope to help them develop as adolescents. raising should allow students to fully understand and discover themselves, in addition to freehand them the ability to survive in the real world. Education involves respecting every students race, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic status, and religion. Education should teach the students to think on their own, and to accept and embrace their individuality. For as eagle-eyed as I can remember, I have always treasured to teach. Through various tutoring experiences, I have truly solidified that ratiocination in my mind. I would really enjoy teaching in a middle school environment. I feel that the middle grades can really make or break a students enjoyment for mathematics. I hope to bring an enthusiasm and love for the subject, and spread that feeling to my students. As an educator, I hope to encourage students to do their best and have then accept nothing less. I believe that education is not just nearly the classroom, it is about knowing your students and encouraging them to grow as individuals. As a teacher, it is very alpha to build a relationship and understanding with your students. Education is not just about teaching facts, it is about developing a students knowledge about the subject and about themselves. I think it is important to challenge the students while maintaining their confidence. Through interactions with teachers and fellow students, a student entrust learn how to interact with others. Schools are a structured environment that pass on give students the groundwork to lead them into the work environment in their future. As a future math teacher, I understand that many students difference with the subject of math. I dont expect my students to love math, but I hope that through my teachings they will understand and appreciate the subject. numeric concepts are very prevalent in society and by teaching this, I will be instilling useful skills for the rest of their life.