The visibility of the Environmental reports Essay

The profile of the Environmental reports - Essay Example1. The elevation of social accountability and the current open of the environmental responsibility of the corporate world? Is environmental responsibility addressing the real concerns or is it a national propaganda? 2. Prior research indicates that the unassailables used to elevate the social accountability as an employee welfare activity and trend other related important operational information. A very little has been done to the environment improvement. on that point is no sustainable development but firms used to highlight specific events they have had organized. Firms from the seventies started concerning active environment to please the public and to get approved by the environmental & other governing authorities. The taut laws imposed in response to the rapid pollution worldwide the firms were forced to abide the regulations specified by concerned authorities. 3. Socio Economic theory was used to examine the social accountability of the firm. 4. The theory describes about the authenticity of the disclosures about the environmental responsibility. The Socioeconomic theory demands for the release of both the extremes of the facts about the environment accountability of the firm which many companies were not providing at that time. The theory demands that the environmental reports are to released with the annual reports to enhance the accountability and visibility of the firm towards environmental awareness. However the firms used to release a separate report about the environment.

Discuss the changes to the American presidency during the terms of Essay

Discuss the changes to the the Statesn presidency during the terms of Theodore Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson - Essay ExampleThe question is that since the well-mannered War through the very start of the twentieth century, the US Congress was the ultimate bearer of the enthrone of power (Miller Center 1). Thus, his expansion of the power was a focal point of his presidency. It was an enormous change in the democratic practice of the United States making the President the main figure fulfilled with the judicatureal power. Roosevelt is likewise well-known for his progressivism in dealing with the business and political structures throughout the country. His zeal to ward reformation of the US effect in the world arena made him an outspoken peacemaker, as he negotiated on the Russo-Japanese end of war and was awarded with the Nobel Peace Prize respectively (Benson 7). However, another great contribution of Roosevelt is his devotion to the nature. In this respect he was driven by the ne ed to conserve the natural resources as the most precious thing of the humane environment admitting the following statement As I have said elsewhere, conservation of natural resources is the unplumbed problem. Unless we solve this problem it will avail little to solve all others (Cited in Benson 7). ... Being a follower of Roosevelts course of reforms, he took the lesson of peaceful manifestation on the part of the US government toward the nation and to the world on the whole. By the way, he initiated the adoption of the Civil-Service Reform which will secure a larger wisdom in the adoption of policies (Taft 131). It was really crucial for giving the nation a sassy breath of air. Along with the strengthening of the Interstate Commerce Commission, he established Postal Savings avow System (Taft 131). Thus, he paid more attention to the financial and consumer-related issues throughout the country. Moreover, due to his efforts to somehow relieve the taxation policies in the country , he could improve on the creation of the Sixteenth Amendment which authorized the collection of federal income taxes, which could be collected largely from the wealthy (Armstrong 187). It was a trust-busting imperfect hit against the former tariff-centered income taxes policy. Thus, in his progressive looks at the national economy, Taft was a peculiar follower of Roosevelt regarding the political line of the Republican Party and the progression of the presidential seat as the most powerful executive body in the country. To say more, in the foreign policy, Taft provided the policy of Dollar Diplomacy increase the development of underdeveloped countries in Latin America and Asia by favoring increased American investment in the world as the major method for increasing American influence and stability abroad (Armstrong 379). Hence, it made Taft a progressive initiator of the American say-so in the world. Woodrow Wilson Woodrow

Business as a form of premeditation and the expectations Essay

Business as a form of premeditation and the expectations - Essay ExampleThis look for will begin with the statement that going with the state of a business concern is whizz of the coeval and most recognized ways through which modern-day business people recognize the strengths and weaknesses of a indisputable business. The business under review, in this case, is a microscopic business, a wine shop. It is important to go through the full general situation that the business thrives in an effort to understand the best way to manage it. The coat of the business is generally small and deals with the sale of wines. The full-size part of the business can be perceive after the first entrance to the shop as it does not urinate multiple doors except one leading to the storage room. There are racks present in the premises where the wines are stored until customers pursue to grease ones palms it. The business is in an open place and thus there is sufficient lighting. Moreover, there are likewise bulbs in the premises since the sale of wine goes on to the night. There are two assistants who assist in the ordering and the arrangement of material in the premises. In addition, there is a telephone for the customers who might call for to book a certain brand of wine. The business in question is rather thriving in an environment that has a lot of active customers. This is got from the manner in which it has managed to have a steady stop of sales per unit. This one of the aspects that keeps a business alive and conformation with the environment generally comes in as some other positive chip. The break point point is recognized as the point in business where the revenue that the party makes is equivalent to the amount of expenses it incurs. In the stated business, the breakeven point is high.This is from the fact that the caller-out had to sell whole 71000 units in an effort to have the small margin that exists. The margin between the revenue and the expenses i s minimal at 30 for every unit and this sets in as a risk for making deficits to the company rather than the macroscopic pays that every business speculates. The business itself is in a proper category to buy even more alcohol however, the amount of money that it makes is not sufficient enough to make a large investment such as the acquiring of another staff member. Having seen the shallow margin that the business makes has implications for the business. These implications come in as both positive and negative regarding the time it takes. If the business has short term goals, the small margins cannot come in handy in their fulfillment. However, in the accomplishment of long term goals for the business, this can manoeuvre as cumulative amounts of money would get retained in the business after deduction of the general fixed costs that are the rent, staff costs, telephone and others.Going through the profitability of the business is another major aspect to bring in when identifying the actual stature of the business (Barrow, 2011,57) Looking at the sales that the business makes, it is clear to state that the profitability of the business is in line with what a small business of the sort. This is from the fact that a business entity such as the wine shop managing to have 20 Euro profit margins per unit is great. When that amount of money is multiplied with the amount of units sold in a year, the total exceeds initial capital investment by far. Understanding the liquidity of the company is another aspect that a company ought to consider when going about the daily running (Black sanitary, 2008, 75). This is from the fact that for a business to keep on running, it is important to ensure that in case of anything the amount of money lost is not much. The business is well set in this from the previous fact stated regarding the amount of money that the business makes in a whole year. The wine industry is one industry that is always up from the fact that it does not ha ve seasons and is not affected by factors such as weather. If the

Strategic Management Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Management Plan - Research account ExampleThe core competencies of the caller-out have also been discussed so that measures can buoy be adopted in order to enhance the core skills and expertise of the caller-up. The basic business strategies of the friendship have also been discussed and the naked strategies were designed keeping in mind the basic strategies. An organization chart has been shown to have a readable idea regarding the hierarchy of the company. The significant role played by Information Technology (IT) in the company has been discussed and the advantages of it have also been highlighted. The study also throws light on the f motivate that the company actively uses the IT which makes the operations of the company much easier. It has also been seen regarding the advantages that can be derived from IT to help people access information almost medicines and other related topics quite easily and that too without needing a prescription. The need for control s ystems in the company for quality check and the need for a crisis management plan have also been discussed. ... Strategic homework is a tool of management which facilitates an organization to keep its energy focused, make sure that the employees and other members be working keeping in view the common goal of the organization and assist to evaluate and restore the course of the organization in reacting to the environmental changes. Strategic planning is a closely controlled endeavor to start out basic actions and decisions that would help in shaping and directing an organization (Namac, 2009). Strategic planning is known to be a game plan that helps in achieving competitive advantage and fetch in high profits. Therefore, it can be understood that strategic planning is an indispensable part of every business, irrespective of the size of business. large(p) businesses have more time and resources to dedicate to strategic planning whereas small businesses have the advantage to act q uickly and be in close contact with the stakeholders (May, 2010). Strategic plan of an organization is considered to be the chemical group on which each and every activity of business can be linked and associated with (Lawlor, n.d). To get a proper understanding, a strategic plan will be designed for the organization, Pfizer and the vital elements of the particular strategic plan will be discussed. Overview of the Company Two cousins named Charles Erhart and Charles Pfizer established Pfizer in the year 1849. It is a pharmaceutical company that is devoted towards developing and finding out improved ways to treat and resist disease. The company aims at improving well being and health of people across the globe. The company operates a website of medicine safety where all kind of queries related to medicines are answered and allows people to access information regarding important

Kick-off Meetings Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kick-off Meetings - Research Paper ExampleThe police squad leader essential assign different work to each of the members. A schedule of weekly meetings must be prepared. The team also has to set delivery dates to ensure the project is completed on time. In any utile meeting, participants are better off when they have a clear understanding of how it will progress (Sisco, 2002). persist semester I was involved in a project for school. During that project we had a number 1 meeting when it started. The kickoff meeting was a complete disaster. The members of the team did not communicate well. The members were constantly arguing with each other. ii people wanted the team leadership position. After the two hour meeting we did not fulfill anything. This experience taught me that kickoff meetings should be handled differently. In the future whenever I get a chance to infix in a kickoff meeting once again I will try to do things differently. The first thing that I will focus on during a kickoff meeting is to guard the lines of communication open. I will also act more proactively by performing research preceding to the meeting in order to bring good ideas to the table from the start.Sisco, M. (2002). Follow these steps to conduct an powerful project kickoff meeting. Retrieved February 27, 2013 from

No need Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

No need - Essay practiceAfter taking the introduction to contravene and resolution class, I learnt that there argon many theories that iodine can use to understand the reason of conflict such as the nested guess, which reasonably analyses the reason of conflict. Indeed, I learnt the importance of conclusion and religion in the field of conflict and resolution as well as how they relate with the idea of peace building. This paper testament be about the ideas, theories, and readings that I believe argon important to conflict and resolution. Indeed, unrivalled can notice that the field of conflict and resolution contains various theories and ideas that are sometimes different yet they all try to answer the same questions such as why countries conflict. They also seek to explain human behavior. Furthermore, to me culture is very important in conflict and resolutions. This is because culture is deeply rooted in ones past experiences, and as such, we can thinking it as a derivative of ones own experiences (Avruch 20). Indeed, any person worldview is determined to a immense extent by his/her culture, and therefore, culture is quite important in conflict resolution. In fact, from personal experiences, a person can build his/her new opinions and believes or become more attached to his/her pervious opinion. As a result, when two people have different opinions over an idea and none of them has enough instruction about the new(prenominal) side background, this will lead to conflict. Ideally, the two will conflict because each will try to convince the other side with his/her opinion and not being aware of the reasons that made the other side reject his/her opinion. One of the theories I learned this semester in the conflict resolution class is the Nested theory that I believe helps to explain the reason why conflict exist. The Nested model of conflict is based on the geomorphologic nature of the conflicts. In the nested model, Dugan identified three levels of con flict. These levels include the issue specific level, relational level, structural subsystem level, and structural system level. The levels are interrelated and adopt a pattern where the narrow types or levels of conflict nest within the broader level (Dugan 14). We can view these levels as the spider web where it starts with small circles environ by larger circles (Kotev paragraph 1). In the middle of the web, we have the individual surrounded by the confederacy and then the larger circles represent the society (Kotev paragraph 1). In order to understand the reason of conflict, one should first look at the individual and what is around him/her to determine what kind of intuitions and community can modify his/her way of thinking. In addition, one can use the larger circle to see how the society affects the communities and the individuals. jibe to this theory, in resolving conflicts, we should first critically analyze the conflict and locate it within the category of conflicts wh ere it fits. Having through with(p) that, we should then proceed to find the best way to resolve the root causes of the conflict. The reason why I mainly focused on culture, religion, and the nested theory is that I come from a religious country to a western country, which is the United States. I noticed that many American students and citizens do not know a lot about the Arab countries culture and religion. In fact, many think that Qatar, UAE and KSA are one country. For example, many westerns view the Arab women as oppressed women and that they are forced by men

Evaluation of Websites Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Evaluation of Websites - Research Paper ExampleThe ability to develop good pure tone content and deliver them is the main driver of marketing values. The content should be exceptional and stand let out in a platform that already has hundreds of other content. Vodafone.com is committed to helping the users access credible and professionally written entropy about the mobile telecommunications industry. It provides a single platform where users can also charm the comp some(prenominal) products and any services that are being offered by the company. The title is informative as it exactly lists the name of the service provider so that users can have a clue of what the website is about. Vodafone is a orbicular brand and the name can be recognized in many places across the globe. It is also ludicrous and easy to understand. Most of the articles on the website are from the Vodafone team and no single author has been listed. Due to this, on that point are no email addresses that can b e used to contact the authors of the articles in case of any query. To make the website attractive, there are various illustrations. However, the dominant feature all through the website is the brand colourise which is red and appears in all the web pages. This makes it attractive and appealing to the viewers. The layout of the home page gives the users access to information from various sources of information and this makes it very informative. On the introductory page, there are link to articles that summarize the conk of the website and make the users aware of what the website is all about.

Strategies for Control Dissent of Social Movements Essay

Strategies for Control Dissent of Social Movements - Essay ExampleThis therefore means that, the social movements should engineer sound strategies to deal with dissent. The section that follows, gives detailed information on the strategies used to fight dissent. Transforming Perceptions of the History This dodging works well during the early days of social movements. At this time, the target audience have lesser information of existence of problems in the past. In addition, the social movement at this stage is not very vibrant and bold in its approach to solving the existing problems (Charles 302). Moreover, the group lays a lot of hopes in future. Various institutions much(prenominal) as social and professional unions, religious organization, labor unions, and mass media help to full complement the efforts of social movements. Other partners include schools, courts, and government. These institutions sensitize people to search for dashs to fight the challenges at hand. At the same time, the institutions plead to society to bury the past and forge for make better ways to deal with the situational demands. It is a workable scheme that aims to make the audiences to forget the past, and encourages them to challenge their current situations with a lot of zeal. This makes the audiences focus on the current situational demand. Transforming perception of history schema strengthens the audience to resist boldly the forces of those who long for the past way of living. Such a group lives in the past and it will always think of how things could have been better at that time. This makes them to lose the grip with the current situation. They do little to challenge the present. Transforming the perception of history helps the audiences to take over strong to those who are afraid of changes. Some members of the society associate the current achievements with the past (Charles 302). They fear that, verificatory societal changes may be so much that their enemy takes them back to their old way of living. The strategy shifts the minds of audiences and they focus on the same direction to fight unpleasing changes or call for changes. It seeks to unite antithetical social movements through winning members and advocating for same grievances and solutions as a whole. Transforming the Perceptions of the Society Strategy This is a responsible strategy because it informs the audience of the importance of societal changes. This strategy endeavours to transform the perception of audience on the face-off forces. Some society members view that it is a waste of time and resources to wage an opposition on either government or those in authority. Charles (304) perceives that the role of this strategy is to revitalize the way movements should respond to opposing forces. This strategy seeks to make the audience and other social groups with different ideologies to see the sense of opposition groups. The social movements comment that it is only through these e ye-opening forums that the society knows what is afflicting their life. They also see the evident gaps that were inconspicuous before. The overall effects of such interventions are strong social movements. It also makes the social movement gain recognition. The grievances of the members undoubtedly receive the even up attention with a lasting solution. Moreover, the society realizes the value that the social movements possess. This helps social movements to gain confidence in their pursuit for meaningful changes that accommodate the needs of every member in the society. The audience realizes that they are gracious beings and it

College Essay-Personal Statement (Personal or Creative which best Essay

College -Personal Statement (Personal or Creative which best describes you) - Essay Examplepping into Middle School, it solace left a rather lingering impression, as did an Angolan enlightenmate Chicongo, who assumed and later discompose me in front of the class questioning whether I was a racist. His remarks, as well as keep in my walled-in home in this local barrio of Havana were poignant memories that still affect me to this day.As an American living in the politically-charged environment in Havana, I vividly remember the sanctions imposed on us by the host government, but somehow I repressed the extreme poverty that gripped the neighborhood. Suffice to say, I regrettably lived with the belief that it was my neighbors fault for my mistrust, and as a result, my lack of sympathy for them. It seemed like it was second spirit to react defensively and suspiciously towards people of different backgrounds without first understanding them or underlining reasons for their conditions. Yet fortuitously or the lack thereof for us, it would take a violent storm to break down this otherwise sturdy wall.One late evening during a strong tropical storm, unexpectedly, a neighbor banged on our door and warned us of a serious flood condition that threatened all our homes in the neighborhood. analyze the damage a day after, we awkwardly joined our neighbors in removing the debris from the street, and later pitching in to help those families that fared poorly in the storm. I soon witnessed how myopic misperceptions can be I understand and appreciated how families were helping each other regardless of their political affiliation. In essence, we who allowed distrust and suspicion to be supplanted by cooperation and kindness were the true survivors of the storm that could have knocked down our fragile human spirit.At school it was not entirely different many times over I would encounter unpleasant comments somewhat my nationality and/or multiracial background. In regards to Chicongo, who later became a friend, I found out that his father, an Angolan

Directional Driller Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Directional Driller - inquiry Paper ExampleA directing driller performs a series of tasks that relatively depend on the employers objectives. One of the main responsibilities of a directional driller is giving technical assistance to clients and workgroup members at the extraction rate (Gow and Gow 201). The directional driller also stays current of all directional boring methodologies and surveying techniques. A directional driller also builds professionalism on cutting-edge proper planning methods (Horizontal Directional Drilling aim Guideline chore Committee 3). A directional driller also arranges for and offers end-of-site releases and clients conclusive product provision releases (Gow and Gow 201). A directional driller is in charge of overseeing inventory and provisions while remaining in contact with client site agents, peddle crew, and field assistance workers. The directional driller further makes sure all reporting qualifications are reached by playing on service val ue events and making sure event reports are wrapped up with clients. Lastly, experienced directional drillers teach, train, and guide recruit and new directional drillers (Gow and Gow 201).The requirements for getting a directional drilling duty are based on academic achievements, experience, familiarity, and communication skills. First, the applicant has to have a minimum of a two to three-year secondary program degree from a tutoring and training college. Engineering or applied recognition degrees in bachelor and masters levels are more acceptable. The applicant also has to have at least five years of oil-extraction experience in directional drilling (Horizontal Directional Drilling Design Guideline Task Committee 2). The applicant has to have comprehensive knowledge in advanced drilling and charting technologies and activities. Lastly, the applicant has to be able to communicate proficiently with superiors, peers, and clients in verbal and textual

Purchasing And Supply Chain Management Case Study

Purchasing And Supply Chain Management - possibility Study ExampleThe first level is the need/problem recognition or identification level. This is the patriarchal stage where an individual buyer recognizes the need or problem. After an individual realizes a need or problem then only he/she starts searching for the solution/product. The second stage is to determine alternatives or to gather information about the product or solution. Thus, after completion of searching the alternatives, next comes the judgment stage. In this step, the various alternatives are assessed carefully in rule to reduce risk and maximize profitability. Subsequently, the finding making part takes place which means whether to purchase a particular product or not. This bath occur only when the individual is evidently convinced about the benefits of the product. Finally, appears the post-purchase evaluation stage. This is the last stage which deals with the gaiety level of the customer after purchasing the product. Moreover, the process of purchasing also includes certain other facts into consideration. The requirement of the total cost is one of the essential components which need to be accessed sooner purchasing. Furthermore, the selection of a provider is also evident, prior to buying as well as to search for other alternatives in order to acquire the product at a reduced cost (Weele, 2009). Conclusively, it can be stated that the decision of purchasing a product needs a cautious review of various aspects associated with it. According to the strip study, it can be stated that Dr. Spiller is surely escaping normal purchasing procedures. As he is the well of the radiology department, so he tries to circumvent the general procedure of asking the purchasing manager before finalizing the deal for purchase.

News Write- Ups Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

intelligence information Write- Ups - Case Study ExampleThe alleged stabilization of the global economy by IMF has been achieved through efforts from both the U.S and Europe. The stabilization became apparent through economic indicators in the U.S that seemed more positive or optimistic while, on the side of Europe, the measures that had currently been undertaken in Greece demonstrated perceptible recovery. Learning and Benefits In view of the news article, I have managed to understand that the global economy has had numerous problems in the recent past. However, the economic crisis at worldwide level has stabilized after prolonged periods of backdrop since the problem invade the global economic system. match to the news, the world has the grounds to be optimistic although there is no guarantee regarding financial security. This is because other whizz economic and financial threats windlessness challenge the current state of the global economy. According to IMF chief, certain ri sks still exist in a global economy with the leading being massive debts that emanate from the cosmos and private domain. In addition, augmenting oil prices gap substantial risk to the growth of the global economy in diverse ways. The only way to tackle the threats is addressing the matters that pose the greatest risks. Source Edwards, N. and Qing, K. G. (Mar 18, 2012). Global economy on recovery path, risks remain IMF chief. Reuters. Retrieved from News write-up 2 Summary Stocks have assumed a downward burn for the next five days indicating the longest slide down in this year. The problem has occurred at a period that has seen persistent European debt and at the commencement of tentative corporate earnings. This implies that the problem is a dual tragedy within the country considering all the problems hitting the economy. The backdrop in stock has seen numerous waterfall in stock exchange earnings, in Europe. Companies from that have recently swept the markets have considerabl y alienated out in the stocks slide down. Connection The losing splash is speculated to have commenced on the previous Tuesday after the federal Reserve admitted to being concerned about the vigor of job augmentation, and asserted that it was not obligated to offer additional or supplemental assistance for the financial system. Unlike other companies, Alcoa presented promising quarterly results in terms of profits and sales. However, their success has been attributed to cost-cutting through layoffs some of their workforce. Investors in the U.S were astonished with the performance since they expected backdrops standardized to those from companies in Europe. Most European companies experienced backdrops in the five days since the stock commenced the losing trend. Learning and Benefits In view of the news article, various factors have contributed to the recent stock slide down the most irresponsible factors being the debts that emanate from borrowing. The article presents the idea t hat Spain and Italy has recently accumulated numerous borrowing costs. In fact, Spains borrowing expenditures almost reached extents that would otherwise pressurize other nations to request for bailouts. The stocks slide down has caused Dow to move virtually 550 points below its previous levels. In Spain and France, the falls approximated 400 pints, which is

Discussion 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion 5 - Assignment ExampleYour book Chapters 8 and 9 establish several ways to test the soundness of an inclination. Now it is your turn to apply the tests. Go to a website that provides semipolitical opinion, such as the Huffington Post. Find a brief article that contains a clear argument. Evaluate the argument for its soundness. Link the article at the end of your response by copying its Web address.Answer The write highlights the point that congress needs a pay raise so race who arent cockeyed female genital organ serve by referring to a series of arguments by Rep. Alcee Hasting, such as the current system doesnt pass enough incentives for less-affluent citizens to enter public service. The aforementioned argument with unstated premises can be converted into the following syllogismTesting the statements for validity by Venn diagram and rules method indicates that the argument is logically valid. However, the render presented in take over of the premises is rather vague and ambiguous. The annual salary of Congress members is much higher(prenominal) than the median household income in United States. The truth in the prediction that, 20 years out, the merely people that will be able to serve in this institution will be people who are wealthy, is untestable and probably fallacious. In support of the claim, only three staff members had left and that in addition suspiciously. The argument is valid logically, but it lacks soundness because of weak and vague evidence in support of the claims (Valencia, 2015 Moore & Parker, 2015).Valencia, J. (2015, May 19). Rep. Alcee Hastings Congress needs a pay raise so people who arent wealthy can serve. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from

Analysis of Death Penalty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of goal Penalty - Research Paper ExampleSeveral militaries impose the stopping point penalty for disciplinary offenses such as desertion, mutiny, and cowardice. According to Amnesty International, 58 countries sire retained the demolition penalty as a method of punishing serious crime in nine. Countries like China, North Korea, and Yemen have the highest number of executions. Statistics stoppage out that at least people were convicted for death in those countries in 2012. Accordingly, 21 countries including Syria and Egypt carried out executions in 2012. The Middle East region witnessed more than 500 executions. Bahrain timed eight people to death between 2007 and 2012 and penalise two death run-in convicts during the same period. Some methods of executing the death penalty include snap at close range, electrocution, hanging, beheading, and lethal injection. Thesis statement the death penalty should be abolished since it violates tender rights and fails in deterri ng crime in the society. Opponents of the death penalty call for its abolishment by arguing that it contravenes the international human rights (Gottfried 10). Several countries have ratified the International Human rights charter that safeguards the inherent right to life and immunity from any inhumane or degrading treatment. Accordingly, the death penalty takes away the right to life thereof entrenching cruel and unusual penalizations such as lethal injection and execution. The opponents argue that this is barbaric practices associated with slavery and have no place in a modern and civilized society (Gottfried 22). The opponents argue that it is immoral and wrong since it degrades the inherent dignity of human life. Accordingly, some religious teachings such as Christianity forbid the use of the death penalty as a means of punishing crime. Although Islamic teaching allows for death punishment in cases of murder, the family of the victim can instead ask for financial compensatio n and pardon the murderer from the death sentence. The punishment leads to severe pain and contravenes the civilized treatment of human beings that should be accorded to every citizen (Gottfried 34). The punishment also leads to wretched to the immediate family members and relatives of the executed outlaws. However, proponents argue that it will lead to the greatest happiness in the society since intimately of the citizens are law-abiding and execution of few individuals will lead to law and order in the society (Gottfried 39). The opponents argue that the arbitrary application of the death penalty is possible and sometimes it leads to the execution of innocent individuals. Abolitionists of this sentence argue that it is irrevocable. Accordingly, there are instances where convicted individuals have been freed after a successful appeal from death row thus suggesting that judges sometimes error in their sentencing (Gottfried 44). In addition, the imposition of this sentence denies the executed criminal the opportunity to benefit from new laws or new evidence that can warrant the reversal of death sentence or freedom of the individual (Gottfried 91). Abolitionists have pointed out that this punishment is applied discriminatively thus violating the normal of equal protection.

Celebrity Endorsement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Celebrity Endorsement - Essay ExampleIndeed, peckmark or blade name is a term that is used to define entities with unique credibility and attraction levels. They atomic number 18 used to drive merchandising activities in various jurisdictions due to their influential record. Companies prefer using pie-eyed discolorations names to endorse their crossing to improve sales units. The institutions use the authentications due to the financial implications that arise from such endorsements. In particular, well trade marks results to high sales that in turn lead to improved financial performance. . Evaluation The diary is selected based on the insightful information that it holds that create awareness on the financial implications that the use of strong trademarks or strong honor endorsement earns various corporations. The article evaluates the significance of using strong brand trademarks in executing marketing or mathematical product promotion activities. It details the impact of strong trademark or celebrity endorsement that is becoming popular in most settings. The practice is gaining momentum since strong brand identities hold great make for and attraction that compels individuals to associating with their ideals or choices. High profile brands or trademarks are used due to their financial implications. ... Managers assert that use of high profile trademarks in the advertisement packets is ceremonious and beneficial.Author Biography Lan Luo, Jeanie Han, C. Whan Park. (2008). Dilution and Enhancement of Celebrity Brands through Sequential Movie Releases. Journal of Marketing Research, 47, 6, 1114-1128. drumhead The article discusses celebrity branding that has provides information leading to erosion or development of the influential nature of celebrities. Celebrities are influential individuals who can shape a products perception and individuals prospects. Their influential nature can transform the perception of various individuals. However, celebrit ies can dilute their status and influence negatively if they engage in incredible practices. The dilution of character and credibility through the adoption of unconventional activities whitethorn render them in any promotional activity. However, they can use their skills to build a strong brand identity and boost promotional activities. They can achieve this through appearance and development of a taking over of movies or promotional activities. Evaluation The article is selected based on the need for stakeholders in the marketing industriousness to understand the influence of dilution and celebrity brand enhancement on product performance. The information is significant because it ensures that corporations cite credible celebrities to drive their promotional activities. Dilution and enhancement of celebrity endorsement hold far-reaching effects on product promotion. The variations lead to low product sales or high sales volume depending on the celebrity status. It is recognizable the celebrity endorsement hold immense relations with product brand

Nature vs. Nurture essayPosted by admin as Essays Essay Example for Free

Nature vs. Nurture essayPosted by admin as stresss EssayThe natural characteristics of a someone can either be kind of similar or quite different to the unnatural characteristics of a person. The natural characteristics of a person atomic number 18 the traits that come from their p arnts the ones that people are born with which are genetical. These traits are presented biologically. The unnatural characteristics of a person, or the nurtured characteristics, are the traits that people develop themselves after they are born. The environment of a persons life greatly determines their personality. The traits a person has that they werent born with are the traits that the environment has influenced on them.There are many traits that I generate inherited naturally through genetics from my mom and pop music. I can fall apart that my work value-system has been inherited from my dad because he is a rattling hard worker and I excessively get to to achieve my personal best. My mom tends to be very sensitive at times and concerned for some other peoples feelings, which I know, I have inherited. I have to a fault inherited my dads super mathematical skills and my moms artistic abilities. I can also tell that I have inherited a good sense of well being from my mom. There are also many behaviors that I have developed from the environment I grew up in.I have larn to respect all people from being influenced at school and by my parents. Ive also been trained to be responsible of things such as doing my work. I learned that if I am non responsible and dont do my work, then I must pay bad consequences. I have also learned from experiences that if I do what I am supposed to do, I whitethorn be rewarded for it. I have been influenced to do something that will benefit myself and be rewarded for good things done. My environment has influenced me in many ways to act upon certain things automatically.Things like looking both ways before crossing over the street, or other things that appear to be common sense are learned from nurture. I take that my personality is a combination of both nature and nurture. I think that I am probably more nurtured though. I have gone through many experiences in which I have learned different lessons. These lessons have taught me how to act in my life. I know that I am a very different person than my mom or my dad. I dont have very some(prenominal) in common with either of them. Although we do share some of the same aspects, I feel that I am more different from them than alike.I have developed the majority of my social skills from my friends and not my parents. nigh of my social life revolves near my friends, who have influenced me in a lot of the decisions I make and in the way I act. I dont socialize with my parents nearly as much as I do with my peers. I dont think I know my parents well copious to say if I am like them when they are around their friends or not though. My personality is also partly natur e though because I find that I do think like my parents sometimes. most of the time I find that I think more like my friends because I am around them a lot more.My parents and I share a lot of the same opinions too, and not just because I grew up thinking the same way they do. The nature and nurture of a person can castrate greatly. Sometimes there are certain things that are hard to decide whether they are inherited or learned. I might share some qualities with my parents, but they could just be characteristics that I learned in my life that my parents also learned in their lives too and werent inherited. I believe that genes indicate the latent for ones behavior and personality, and that the environment helps create the extent as to how that behavior is carried out.

Ethinicity And American Culture Essay Example for Free

Ethinicity And American Culture EssayThe treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1850 was gestural between the American government and the interim government of the force occupied Mexico which resulted in the end of the Mexican-American War. This was intend to bring peace in the disputed dominion and the end result was that Mexico ceded a large dominion to the United States and its size was reduced by forty-five percent. The land Mexico ceded to the U. S. is now a snatch of states Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and California. The military government in Mexico received fair compensation for the territory.The treaty of Guadalupe paved the way for the way for the in-migration of Mexicans especi eachy workers to the U. S. this was necessitated by the United States need for labor to develop the newly acquired territory. Immigration patterns have been ascertain by American manual labor needs. The Immigration Process The in-migration of Mexicans to the U. S. began soon after the territory was surre ndered, the U. S. government sought labor from Mexico to build the rail highway which was to connect solely the new territory to the some other states. Between 1850 and 1880 the U. S.government brought in 55,000 migrant workers from Mexico into the former Mexican territories to work on the railroad. The government prefer Mexican laborers because they were non entitled to any constitutional justification and they could work for substandard wages in the harsh conditions. The process of immigration began to peak up speed in 1910 when the Mexican revolution took place. afterwards the revolution, more then 50,000 Mexican workers immigrated to the U. S. in search of jobs which they felt were better than those available in their family unit rural. Changes over TimeChange in the immigration process began to take shape in 1929 when American citizens massively complained that the illegal workers were taking up their job. The government responded by launching major crackdown on immigra nts who did not posses the relevant immigration documents. This resulted in the forceful deportation of over two million Mexican of which approximately one and a half million had been born in the U. S. this was harsh as those born in the U. S. were therefore citizens by birth. The U. S however found itself in a tight spot when it got in World War II in 1942 which elicited the need for Mexican workers.The U. S. acted quickly to remedy the function by getting into an agreement with Mexican officials and this was known as the Bracero program. Under the program guest Mexican workers would be allowed to enter the U. S. and provide labor on a temporary basis though they would not be afforded the labor protections accorded to their U. S. counterparts. The program run through out the period of World War II and went on up to 1964 as major Corporations had pulled string to ensure that the laborers continued to work as they precious to cash in on the cheap labor.Since 1964 there was what has been referred to as an unspoken agreement between the unregistered workers, Corporations and the government. The government has intentionally failed to implement border regulations after being lobbied by major corporations which benefit super from the labor if the immigrants. Though the agreement has been said to benefit all the parties which is utterly false as the immigrant workers ar subjected to poor living conditions, are paid substandard wages and do not enjoy the protection of labor unions or practices.In 1986 three million unregistered Mexican-American workers were granted amnesty by the Reagan authorities and this consequently made them subject to human rights protections, (Borjas National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007). Effect on Chicano style The Chicano vogue was vastly affected by the immigration of undocumented as they were not officially recognized by the U. S. government. This meant that they did not enjoy constitutional protection analogous other Amer ican citizen and the driveways job was harder as attempts at demanding for rights resulted in deportation.Mexican workers therefore did not seek the help of the impulsion as they fear that its intervention would result of their deportation, (Rosales, 2000). Conclusion The immigration of Mexican to the U. S. began with the need by the U. S. government to have cheap labor for building of a railroad through the territory acquired from Mexico in 1850. The immigration pattern has however been tied only to the manual labor needs of the U. S. as the government allows accession of undocumented Mexican workers when they are in dire need of cheap manual labor like during World War II.The pattern is to a fault evident from the push and pull debate that rages on the undocumented workers. Reference Borjas, G. J. National Bureau of Economic Research. (2007). Mexican Immigration to the United States. Chicago? University of Chicago Press. Rosales, F. A. (2000). Testimonio A Documentary History of the Mexican-American Struggle for urbane Rights. Houston Arte Publico Press. ESSAY TWO Some historians describe the Civil Rights performance as a two-phase process of a mhoern movement to guarantee basic human rights and a northern movement focused on economic and social inequalities.In an essay, which incorporates lecture, readings and class discussion crush this process. Introduction The Civil Rights feat sought reform in the way the American society hardened African Americans and it sought to change the perception. The movement originated in the urban areas of the southerly after large numbers of African Americans migrated from the rural areas and this was after the abolishment of slavery. The American Civil Rights Movement faced a number of altercates in its quest for equal urbane rights for African Americans and other minority groups.This came in the form of order which promoted the injustices committed against African Americans by white Americans. The movement wa s therefore forced to employ different strategies and simulated military operation so as to have its voice and that of its people heard. The movement suffered major losses in the road to the eventual inducement of those rights. The Civil Rights Movement refers to a reform movement of African Americans which sought to attain equal civil rights under the law for all people.It sought to have the abolishment of both macrocosm and private acts of discrimination and segregation against African Americans. The movement is said to have originated in the southern urban areas when millions of African Americans migrated from rural areas to the urban centers of the south. The Civil Rights Movement employed various strategies which include nonviolent strikes, civil disobedience, butt ones, boycotts, protests rallies and freedom rides. The movement therefore focused on disenfranchisement and the Jim Crow laws in the south.The Civil Rights Movement in the south can be said to have been the ne arly intense as it was in the south that African Americans faced the greatest resistance to their attempts to struggle for equal rights. The south had become the most infamous when it came to the suppression of rights of African Americans. The laws in the south permitted or required four acts of discrimination against African Americans. They included voter suppression or disfranchisement, denial of economic opportunities, private acts and mass racial violence and racial segregation which was first upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1896 in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. It was also in the south that most of the milestone events in the civil rights movement took place in the south which included the Martin Luther king Jr. assassination, march on Selma, Alabama, Mississippi freedom summer and the Montgomery pot boycott. The south was also home of some of the most important literature to come out of the Civil Rights Movement like Dr. Kings Letter from Birmingham jail.It als o home to important Civil Rights Movement landmarks like the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Site. The latter also house a museum which chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement. The challenges of the movement in south emanated from the legislature passing of the Jim Crow laws which legalized segregation in all public facilities. This law meant that African Americans and other non-white citizens were designated different facilities this includes lavatories, buses, restaurants, housing establishments among others.These went on to be adopted by most local government across the country and this turned to be a major challenge to the Civil Rights Movement. It was the successes of the Civil Rights Movement in the south which made life better for African Americans all over the United States. The civil rights movement culminated in the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 and the ballot Rights Act in 1965 but of which were a clear symbol of the success of the Civil Rights Movement, (Williams Bond, 1988).Conclusion disrespect the major challenges the American civil Rights Movement faced, it managed to succeed in its cause because of its strategies, sacrifices and it resilience. Some of the sacrifices the movement had to sleep together with included the loss of one of its leaders, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. who was assassinated. Though this was a major blow the movement managed to remain resilient and it was rewarded with the passing of the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act in 1964 and 1965 respectively.The fact that most of the Civil Rights Movement events took place in the south does not mean that the northern part of the country was not involved as activities like the march on Washington took place in the north. The march was the venue for famous I Have a Dream speech by Dr. Martin Luther King. The civil rights movement therefore came along way to achieve success.ReferenceWilliams, J. , Bond, J. (INT) (1988). Eyes on the Prize Americas Civil Rights Years, 1954- 1965. ISBN 0833514318, 9780833514318 Bt frame

Human Natures Tragic Flaw Essay Example for Free

Human Natures Tragic Flaw EssayDo you believe there is a wolf within man that tempts us to do wrong and commit sin? Or is it just benignant disposition to be sinful? In the bible, book of Genesis, it appearings how God created Adam and Eve. These two beings had everything one could maybe imagine, diet, water, shelter, and the protection of our heavenly father. Their only rule in The Garden Of Eden was to not eat from the disallow fruit tree in the center of the garden, but Adam and Eve were flawed and soon brute(a) into temptation from the serpent, and ate the fruit. They went against Gods only command and made the benevolent species sinners.In the novel, The headmaster Of The Flies, a plane crashes on an uninhabited island leaving numerous boys stranded. These boys had to learn to survive without adults to make their food and provide shelter for them. At first they all agree to a chief, Ralph, and argon willing to lap together to build shelters, but as the novel reac hes its climax, they turn savage which soon leads to the death of triple boys. The author William Golding portrays that it is not human nature within ourselves that makes us act out, but when times are rough, violence and sin leads us away from the path of righteousness.Symbolism is used throughout the novel to show that things put in this world tempt us to act out. The biggest illustration of symbolism in The cleric Of The Flies is in relation to the beast. The Beast was introduced on the very first day on the island. A little boy with a mulberry-colored birthmark on his face educated everybody of a so called Beast, which he had apparently seen on the previous night. At the time, this was overlooked by the older boys as something in his imagination.As the story advances it becomes evident that the older boys begin to believe in this Beast. One evening Simon was spotty when returning from one of his nature walks, and Jack persuaded the others that he was the Beast. Each boy began pouncing on Simon, stabbing and walloping him to death. This shows that a small thing, such as the serpent in the Garden of Eden, can cause awe and tempt us to do wrong, and in this case commit murder. Another example that holds much emblematic value throughout the story is the usage of the word scar. When the plane crashes on the lush island, it disrupts the balance and musical harmony of nature untouched by mans influence. The twisted wreckage of the plane creates an imperfection in the peacefulness of nature, and leaves the beach a scar of what it used to be, stunning and unharmed by mans vicious impulse. An object which also attains much exemplary relevance as the story unfolds is the conch shell. Delicate, fragile, and white, the conch is what brings the boys together on the first day at the beach.It is used throughout the story as an object of high importance and tradition, as it calls meetings together and determines who has the right to speak, depending on who is rete ntion it at the time. It can be seen as a representation of law and order amongst the boys, as it unites them and prevents crazy house from arising. As the book progresses, however, characters like Jack and his hunters put less and less importance in the impressibility and order in the concept of the conch, and finally disregard it altogether as chaos erupts over the island.This symbolizes the struggle of civilization and savagery, as Jacks hatred of Piggy and Ralph grows and he and his boys resort to primal urges like search and killing. It is shown throughout the novel that although it is mans natural instinct to cause destruction, it is not human nature to sin. We are tempted into sin by those around us, and even our own mind sets. William Golding beautifully portrays that it is not human nature within ourselves that makes us act out, but when times are rough, violence and sin leads us away from the path of righteousness.

The Tempest - William Shakespeare Essay Essay Example for Free

The Tempest William Shakespeare Essay EssayAlthough William Shakespeares The Tempest is much categorized as his late romance, its plots reflect the major social movement of that timethe Europeans settling in the unfermented World. As the Europeans eagerly set out to find the New World, they left behind aspirant citizens pondering over what they would find. In The Tempest, by the characters, we can infer that the Europeans intentions ranged from creating the perfect authorities to interacting with the inhabitants.They discovered that their base of the perfect government in which everyone is couple failed to exist. Nonetheless, they were correct in their anticipation that the New World would already be settledby savage homegrown Americans. They eventually integrated the ingrained Americans into their society as slaves. In their journey to the New World, the Europeans failed to establish an ideal government, yet succeeded in incorporating the natives into their own societ y. One of the Europeans expectations of the New World was a perfect government in which everyone would be equal.In The Tempest, Shakespeares character Gonzalo describes it as a government where there would be no occupation all men idle, all/And women too, plainly innocent and pure/No sovereignty. (II. 1, ll. 154-156) Even as his comrades ridiculed him, he is steadfast in his belief, and simply labels them as gentlemen of brave mettle. (II. 1, l. 181). This would seem like the ideal government, and would work in theory. In European society in the early seventeenth century, much emphasis was move intod on class. The lower class faced many a(prenominal) restrictions, and many citizens were infuriated with the class system.To the lower class, the hope of a perfect government in which everyone was equal was ideal. Another one of their hopes was that the natives, although barbaric, would be of great use to them when they first settled. They hoped to check the indigene Americans int o their own society. In The Tempest, Caliban, the original native of the island, originally greeted Prospero with respect When thou camst first,/Thou strokst me and made much of methen I loved thee/And showed thee all the qualities o th isle,/The fresh springs, brine pits, barren place and fertile. (I. 2, ll. 333-338) When Prospero first came to the island, Caliban went through the trouble of finding him the best food and water sources. Because of Calibans kindness, this shows that the Europeans believed that the Native Americans would be low-cal to manipulate, and thus, easy to control. They hoped to be in command of the Native Americans so that the task of controlling North America would be easier. To little by little incorporate the natives into their own society as slaves was one of the hopes of the Europeans.However, their hopes and predetermined ideas were found to be inaccurate. The humankind race was that the utopian government that the Europeans dreamed about did not ex ist. In fact, Gonzalos government was impractical. There would evermore be conflict, and if everyone was equal, they would feel equally poor. This would call for a sovereign, which would defeat the purpose of everyone being equal. Hierarchy impart always exist simply because it is human nature to strive for the best.For example, in The New World, this was reflected in the liquidation of Jamestown. There was always a captain in charge. A chain of order was important in order to prevent chaos in times of distress. Conversely, one of their expectations became a reality. They believed that the natives would be savages. The Europeans looked down upon the Native Americans because they appeared in many ways to be subhuman. This was due to non-Christianity, a primitive dress style, and a wiz of filth Their hair is usually black, but few have any beards.The men wear fractional their heads shaven, the other half longsome are of disposition fearful, some bold, most wary. All blareFor the ir apparel, they are some time covered with the skins of wild beastsThere is yet in Virginia no place discovered to be so Savage in which Savages have not a religion The Europeans viewed the Native Americans as inferior beings. At first, the Native Americans were inclined to incorporate the Europeans as an intermediary Americans sought to incorporate the newcomers into their universe. (Kupperman 175) They also concluded that the Europeans would be of great use to trade with. As time progressed, both the Native Americans and the Europeans strived to merge the other into their own hierarchy. (Kupperman 174) However, this attempt at incorporating the other soon proved to be futile.In The Tempest, Caliban is always plotting to overthrow Prospero (conversation with Trinculo and Stephano). This is paralleled in the Europeans constant, underlying worry that the natives would revolt against them Both the Roanoke and Jamestowncolonists reported that conspiracies against them were planned. ( Kupperman 175)The Native Americans knew their territory, and gradually developed tactics to fend off attackers. The Native Americans were highly skilled warriors, yet lacked the technology that the Europeans had. (Barbour) In addition, the Europeans had resistance to disease that overwhelmed the Native Americans. Eventually, the Europeans managed to seize power in their settlements, and incorporated the Native Americans into their civilization as slaves.Although the Europeans failed to establish a utopian government, their efforts to merge the Native Americans into their society were successful. Their ideal failed to exist simply because of human nature. Nonetheless, they integrated the Native Americans into their society as slaves. Albeit unconventional, the expectations of the Europeans were portrayed to some degree. Through The Tempest, the Europeans hope of establishing an model government did not become a reality, yet they managed to incorporate the natives.

Segregated Schools Essay Example for Free

Segregated Schools EssayFrom the day she was born, the young woman had seizure after seizure quoted Gina Kolata. One bracing born, toddler, muck up girl, was suspect that she had a genetic disorder. Doctors at Childrens Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, Mo, provided a sample of her blood which took only 50 hours and provided with an answer. The toddler had seizures after seizures that doctors frantically tried to keep her alive. Her doctors suspected a genetic disorder that they began a study of a new technique for quickly analyzing the deoxyribonucleic acid of newborns. The rape girl had a mortal gene mutation. There was no treatment, there was not anything that could fox changed the outcome, Dr. Petrikin said which her family decided to let their kid go because her family did not want to see their baby girl in pain. She was only 5 weeks old. This all happened by not saying it was the baby girls fault or its mothers. It just happened there is no explanation about why, did th e baby girl have a disorder or disease. But there was not enough resources and cargon for that could cure the disorder in time.My opinion on this expression is that it is a well written article and gives a lot of details on what the situation is. I chose this article because I was mainly focusing on Medicine, Disease, and Health because I really like knowing about what kinds of different diseases there are and what just goes on in the human body. I dont know if I hold with the article or disagree with the article because of how it turned out to be at the end with the baby girl. I think the article kind of turned out to be a story.

Polar Bear Crisis Essay Example for Free

Polar Bear Crisis EssayBear Crisis In May 2008, the U. S listed the polar have as athreatened speciesunder theEndangered Species Act. The Arctic is one of the most discussed on climate change, due to the fact that warming is greatest there and because what happens in the Arctic has the can eventually advert the rest of the Earth. So far, not only has it upholded the way the chicken feed is melting and the weather is changing, nevertheless it is mainly affecting the animals that are living there (for example, polar bears). Although, there are many environmentalists, and companies essay to solve, or at least help the situation (like Coca-Cola and WWF), the problem is not getting any better. As sea ice is being reduced in the area, the polar bears basis for survival is being threatened, say John Laird, WWFs Nunavut regional conservation director. The sea ice is melting earlier in the spring which is displace the polar bears to ground earlier without them having developed as much fat reserves for the ice exculpate season.By the end of the summer they are skinny bears, which in the worst case can affect their ability to reproduce. Also, The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service says that, . . . extensive scientific studies have indicated that the increased observation of bears on land is a result of changing distribution patterns and a result of changes in the accessibility of sea ice habitat. It is crazy to think that all of these things are all being affected because we are not fetching care of our planet even though its happening thousands of miles away.Because we put trash on the ground, taint the air etc. animals are being affected, especially the polar bears. Since bears use the sea ice to draw for their main prey, seals, without the sea ice, their range are drastically reduced. On top of it all, the oil and gas victimization along the edges of the land mass and you have more problems. It has been said that two thirds of polar bears will unthaw by 2050.

Torture Definition Essay Example for Free

distortion Definition EssayAccording to David Luban, rack used to be incompatible with Ameri idler values. Our Bill of Rights forbids uncivilized and unusual punishmentAmericans and our government have historic anyy condemned res publicas that (practice) frustrate we have granted asylum or bema to those who fear it (Luban, 1425). But after 9/11, the American public was divided over the issue of the excruciation of prisoners of war or civilians suspected of being involved in terrorist activities. The twist debate intensified with the egress of media exposes regarding the in homophilee treatment of prisoners in US military jails such as Guantanamo (2002) and Abu Ghraib (2004). Indeed, is torture justifiable if it was affiliated by the country that prides itself as the worlds bastion of democracy and human slumps? The 1984 United Nations Convention against distorted shape (UNCAT) provided the by-line definitions of tortureAny act by which severe pain or suffering, whet her physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a soul for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person teaching or a confession (Garcia, 5)Punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind (Garcia, 5)When such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions (Garcia, 5). Torture reinforces the notion that slaves should be subjugated completely (Luban, 1432). Hence, when a person is tortured, he or she is transformed into a slave an isolated, overwhelmed, terrorized and humiliated individual, stripped of any semblance of dignity (Luban, 1432). It is from the dynamics of the master-slave relationship that David Luban (2005) based the phoebe bird aims of tortureVictors Pleasure In his article Liberalism, Torture and the Ticking Time fail (2005), Luban argued that the predominant setting for torture has always been military supremacy (Luban, 1432). Torture, therefore, is the torturers way of relieving military victory and establishing his superiority over the faction he defeated (Luban, 1432).Terror Dictators such as Adolf Hitler, Augusto Pinochet and Saddam ibn Talal Hussein tortured their political prisoners to warn people that anyone who opposed them get out sh atomic number 18 the same fate. Terror can easily subdue a population than the idea that dissidents will be dealt with humanely upon capture.Punishment Until the pass away two centuries, criminal offences were punishable with torture (Luban, 1433). But as society became increasingly industrialized (and select bountiful polities in the process), the concept of torture as a form of criminal punishment was discard ed. The French historian and philosopher Michel Foucault explained that this was so because torture was a ritual of royal dominance and royal revenge, acted out in public spectacle to shock and awe the multitude (Luban, 1434). In a liberal democracy, where there is emphasis on popular sovereignty, it is the people who decide how criminals should be penalized. Hence, the concept of using torture to impress the majority became pointless.Extracting Confessions before the advent of liberalism, legal rules required either multiple eyewitnesses or confessions for criminal convictions (Luban, 1435). Torture was necessary to procure these two (Luban, 1435). But in a liberal society, a guilty verdict can be derived from different kinds of evidence that are proven to be credible, instead of just relying on a confession. Hence, torture was no longer take ined to secure a conviction.Intelligence Gathering Luban defined this aim as the only one rationale for torture that might conceivably b e acceptable to a liberal (Luban, 1436). However, this motive is dangerous as it rationalizes an act that is strictly prohibited in every global human rights agreement (Geneva Convention, UNCAT, Rome Statute, etc.). For Luban, the liberals banned torture because it is the microcosm of a tyranny (Luban, 1430). Torture is an integral component of all the evils of an absolutist rule military conquest, regal punishment, dictatorial terror, forced confessions and the repression of dissident belief (Luban, 1438). Torture victims are isolated and reduced instead of engaged and enlarged, terrified instead of active, humiliated instead of dignified, in nifty contrast to the liberals idea of all human beings bearing an innate dignity regardless of race, creed or social status (Luban, 1433). Furthermore, torture is the starkest manifestation of a tyrannical leader one who takes pleasure in degrading those who oppose his rule (Luban, 1433). But what if torture was used to supposedly obtain i nformation that will deter future terrorist attacks? Luban argued that this was the premise of the liberal ideology of torture (Luban, 1439). The liberal ideology of torture asserts that torture was necessary for intelligence gathering to prevent a catastrophe (Luban, 1439). Furthermore, torture should not be associated with state tyranny because it was motivated by self-defense and not by cruelty (Luban, 1439). Torture became part of the warfare on Terrorism because the latter operated on the war model, which argued that fallen or captured combatants can be replaced by other combatants (May, 310). Hence, the fate that the captured terrorist will experience while in incarceration can serve as a warning to those who will take his place (May, 310). However, this conclusion is based on the premise that the captured terrorist has already been proven to be a real terrorist. What if the torture victim was not a terrorist, but psyche who was just suspected to be a terrorist? Under the gui ses of intelligence gathering and preventing terrorism, the suspected terrorists rights to life, focusing and due process were violated. Torture defeats terrorism at the expense of civil liberties. To make matters worse, the Bush brass section wants to make it appear that the United States is exempted from every international law governing human rights. William T. Cavanaugh (2005) elaboratesMany would aggregation to what has been called American specialism, the idea that the U.S. is different from other nations and may be held to a higher standardWhat we need is a frank recognition that America is not different. Approval of torture at the highest levels of government puts the U.S. in the same category as Chile under Pinochet, France in Algeria, Myanmar, Israel, Saudi Arabia and dozens of other countries today. Amnestys yearbook reports make clear that disregard of human rights in the name of national security is common (Cavanaugh, n. pag.)Indeed, Luban was right when he wrote i n Liberalism, The liberal ideology of torture, which assumes that torture can be neatly confined to exceptional ticking-bomb cases and surgically severed from cruelty and tyranny, represents a dangerous delusion (Luban, 1461).ReferencesAllhoff, F. (2005). Philosophy 9/11 thought about the struggle on Terrorism. Illinois Open Court.BNET. (2005, January 25). Taking Exception When Torture Becomes Thinkable. RetrievedJanuary 27, 2008, from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1058/is_2_122/ai_n9505722Garcia, M.J. (2007). U.N. Convention against Torture (CAT) Overview and Application toInterrogation Techniques. Washington, D.C. Congressional Research Service.Human Rights Watch. (2005, January 7). Abu Ghraib, Darfur Call for Prosecutions. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from http//hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/07/global9968.htmHuman Rights Watch. (2005, January 5). US cross out Five Years of Guantanamo by Closing It.Retrieved January 25, 2008, from http//hrw.org/english/docs/2007/01/05/usd om14974.htmLuban, D. (2005). Liberalism, Torture and the Ticking Time Bomb. Virginia Law Review, 19, 1425-1461.May, L. (2007). War Crimes and Just War. Cambridge Cambridge UP.

Sex Education in Public Schools Essay Example for Free

Sex Education in Public Schools EssaySex education should be taught in unrestricted set schools because it decreases the chance of intimate diseases and jejuneage pregnancies, it is needed in case of a p bents absence or neglect, and it also provides more knowledge more or less how grammatical gender works while debunking the myths surrounding land upual intercourse, and it makes some want to posit goals for relationships. People say fetch upual activity education encourages youth to engage in exciteual activities rather than preventing sex. This is adjust however, studies show that when youth are taught active sexual education, they are more likely to make reform decisions. Sexual education should be taught in middle school because it is around this time that youth lead sexually aware. Teaching them in middle school go out better prepare them for the peer pressures and temptations that they will encounter in high school. I mean, how do we say that it is OK for s chools to teach our churlren slightly math, science, history, and numerous other spheres, yet get high and mighty with righteous indignation when biology is taken a step further to focus on sex?Most students reach puberty around middle school ages, it is important to give them a solid base for them to make smart decisions before they function sexually active. Preparing them to make better decisions will lower STD and teen maternalism rates. Whether its safe sex practices or even abstinence, all of these issues must be dealt with in an educational setting, because when we look at teen pregnancy rates, sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, it hardly makes sense to have as much education as possible. This allows them to make more informed choices just about attractive in sexual intercourse.The youth do non always consider the consequences of having sex, but with well educated instructors informing them, they ass learn the dangers that come with having sex. If ind ividual has no prior information about STDs and they engage in sexual intercourse, they non only put themselves at risk but their partner is also at risk. The education provided by this design will help students be more aware of life threatening and life changing risks. both(prenominal) say that the education of sex invokes students to engage in sex. However, stats say otherwise.Research shows that in a persuasion conducted, only about seventeen part of the respondents answered that sex education encourages them to do it and the remaining eighty-three percent strongly disagreed. Sex education isnt encouraging students to have intercourse, but rather it is didactics them how to retain safe. Should kids their age be having sex? No. However, kids are kids. They will do as they please. By teaching them safely to do it they will at least avoid any unnecessary risks involved in making much(prenominal) a grown-up and mature decision.Because many view sex as a out(p) outside of mar riage, they do not wish for it to be taught at all, especially to youth. However as I have stated before sex education does not encourage people to have sex but make better decisions when the time does come. Regardless of individualized beliefs it is important that they understand the risks and benefits of sex. If the parents count that the child should abstain from sex then this gives them a chance to talk about it with their child and why they believe so.Another important point to consider is the youth who do not have a crabbed braggy to confide and ask about these feelings and urges they are experiencing. Parents do not talk about this subject to their children because either they are too busy with their daily life, dont know how to talk about it, or they may feel uncomfortable. Therefore, sex education should be taught to them so that they would learn it from an educated and prudent adult instead of learning it from the media or their friends.Students arent acquiring the in formation that they need from the right places. talking to friends or learning from social media is not the best way to learn about important topics such as sex. some students dont know how to prevent catching an STD because the information is not on tap(predicate) in school. There will always be peers who will badly influence others. That is why sex education should be implemented in schools so the youth have a reliable non-biased adult to guide them into their own adulthood and are not just basing it off misconceptions.Myths and misconceptions play a larger role in why youth engage in sex without considering the effects it can have. Many believe sex is an all access enjoyment activity because of the influence from outside sources like music, movies, and television. However, I state again, that with proper knowledge from both the pros and cons of engaging in sexual activity better choices can be made that will potentially save lives of many young people today and deliverance th em the embarrassment of contracting an STD.When talking about sex, students are often embarrassed to open up about how they feel about it or what they know about it. Some adults say sex is a personal topic and should only be discussed with close family or close friends, therefore eliminates a class for sex education. Kids nowadays feel that to be a virgin is not cool. If you havent had sex by the time you are a sophomore, and if people find out about it, you lose popularity. However, what we need to underline is that being safe is more important than being popular.Some say that we should not teach sex education, but we should teach abstinence. Abstinence is such an unreasonable thing to teach kids. Its just not going to happen. Too many people live in denial about their children having sex. People are crazy if they want to encourage parents to opt out of sex education and making it more about abstinence and nothing else. Why cant both take place? Abstinence is in spades the safest of all safe sex measures, but there is also a point where we have to harmonize reality.If you were to talk to teachers and administrators, they will tell you that students as young as middle school are engaging in oral sex. Most say that oral sex isnt really sex. However, anyone with half a brain knows that to be the case. In conclusion, if sex education was taught in public middle schools, these situations could be prevented. The teen pregnancy rates would be lowered along with the STD rates. Students would be provided with the information they need to prevent getting an STD or getting pregnant at such a young age.They would also learn about many different places they can turn to for information or help with any situation they got themselves into. If sex education was being taught, they could open up to their parents about it and receive information from someone they know and are comfortable talking to. I think the school board should put sex education into public middle schools so the students have the information available to them and to prevent higher pregnancy and STD rates.

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Free first procreation in Kenya EssayAcknow directgement I acknowledge my matinee idol for provision of good health, sound sound judgment and in decenniumder caring. I withal express the same to my lecturer Mr. Malel for his diligent and industrious manoeuver a shit he did to me in the process of writing up the escort. I similarly acknowledge the contributions of my colleagues and my family for the patience and hike that they have extend ton me since I begun the project. I also acknowledge the free main course fee to the Kenya National program library Service in Kericho. Dedication I dedicate this plow to my Almighty Father for His countless Mercies and sempiternal Providence.I also dedicate it to my family, my p bents and my children. Abstract The cartoon investigated the statistical relationship mingled with the foot of FPE and the archive of kids in ECD centers. The paper begins by assessing the changes in readjustment prior and after the submission of FPE in 2002. It whence delves into the question of why this happens. The covered Mogogosiek Z matchless although the findings is relevant for the whole country. The detective proved six grooms as the sample to represent twenty give lessonss in the zone. The random sample technique was used since all prepares are homogeneous.The detective used questionnaires and remark to collect data in the field. The project is useful for the stakeholders in the ECD sector ranging from school heads to organization administrators involved with ECD work. T able of Con gots DECLARATION BY CANDIDATEii DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISORii Acknowledgementiii Dedicationiv Abstractv Abbreviations and Acronymsviii CHAPTER ONE1 Introduction1 1. 1Background of the Problem1 1. 2 control of the Problem3 1. 3Objectives of the Study4 1. 4 Purpose of the Study5 1. 5 Justification of the Project6 1. 6 Significance of the Study7 1.7 Limitations8 1. 8 Delimitations9 CHAPTER TWO10 belles-lettres refresh10 2. 1 The effectuate of the invention of FPE on register10 2. 2 Factors that have led to low autographlment as a egresscome of introduction of FPE in Kenya13 2. 3 continue of FPE on inventory in ECDs16 CHAPTER THREE18 Methodology18 3. 1 interrogation Design18 3. 2 Location of the Study19 3. 3 Target Population20 3. 4 Sample Population21 3. 5 Sampling Method22 3. 6 query Instruments23 CHAPTER FOUR24 selective in patternation Representation24 4. 1 The Extent to Which ECD Enrolment Declined as a subject Of Introduction of Fpe in the ten Sampled Institutions24.4. 2 Reasons for the Decline Of ECD Enrolment as a Result Of Introduction Of FPE26 4. 3 Impact of FPE on ECD Enrolment per economical Class27 CHAPTER FIVE28 Conclusions28 5. 1 The Relationship amidst the Introduction of FPE and Enrolment in ECDS Attached to humans Primary schools28 5. 2 The Effects of Introduction of FPE on Enrolment in ECDS in Private Primary Schools28 5. 3 Causes for the Low Enrolment of Pupils in f amiliar Primary School ECDS as A Result of Introduction Of FPE. 28 5. 4 Effects of Introduction of FPES on ECD per Economic Class29 extension A30 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ECD TEACHERS30. supplement B35 BIBLIOGRAPHY35 APPENDIX C36 Work Schedule36 APPENDIX D37 Budget37 APPENDIX D38 Introduction letter38 Abbreviations and Acronyms ECD = archaeozoic Childhood phylogenesis ECDE = Early Childhood culture and Education. MDG = Millennium Development Goals. UN = United Nations FPE = Free Primary Education. GER=Gross Enrolment Rate is calculated by dividing the number of children of whatever shape up enrolled in preschool by the estimated number of 3-5 socio-economic phratry olds. UNESCO= United Nations Educational scientific and Cultural organization. OECD=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.MOEST=Ministry of Education, Science and Technology CHAPTER ONE Introduction This chapter introduces the inquiry topic. It begins with an introduction followed by a statement of the chore and finally the purpose of the deliberate. 1. 1Background of the Problem As sort of his campaign manifesto, chair Kibaki introduced the Free Primary Education program in Primary schools. The program was meant to lead to high enrollment of pupils in both principal(a) school and ECD centers in Kenya. The natural corollary was that the ECD enrollment would rise as a turn up of the introduction of FPE. However, statistics learn the contrary.The rate of enrolment in ECD centers has cut back following the introduction of FPE. This shows a shun correlation between enrolment and FPE. This project sought to open up the fact that indeed enrollment in FPE has stockd since the introduction of FPE in schools. Paper also sought to give curtil come alongs why the rate of enrolment in ECD bears a negative correlation with the FPE funding. This has been a surprise finding given that the aim of the government is to develop bringing up in Kenya holistically. The project also assessed the likely statistical relationship between enrolment in primary and ECD It showed that .the higher the enrolment rate in primary school the lower the enrolment in ECD. This project sought to give reasons for that relationship and provide for suggestions on how the problem can be solved. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem The problem was to topic the effects that FPE has had on enrollment in ECDCs. The project also studied the causes of the negative relationship between FPE funding and low enrollment in ECDCs. The problem is that due to the introduction of FPE, pupils have been joining class one without going through the ECD classes.This is a sad trend as it suggests a low level of preparedness of the pupils in lower primary school. It also points to the need to consider ECD in everyday funding 1. 3Objectives of the Study The project studied the following objectives a To apply the effect of the introduction of FPE on enrolment in ECDS attached to public primary schools. bTo establ ish the effects of the introduction of FPE on enrolment of pupils in ECDS attached to toffee-nosed primary schools. c To determine the extent to which enrollment in ECDCs have declined in Mogogosiek zone as a result of the introduction of FPE.d To determine the effects of introduction of FPEs on enrolment in ECDS per sparing class. 1. 4 Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of the introduction of Free Primary Education on enrolment in ECDs in primary schools in Kenya. 1. 5 Justification of the Project This project is justified on the following grounds. First, diminished attempt has been made to determine the relationship between the introduction of FPE nationally and enrollment of pupils in ECDs locally. at that place is also need to determine the causes of the decline in enrolment in ECDs as a result of introduction of FPE.The decline has nearlyly affected the unequal who consist of the to the highest degree vulnerable group. That the int roduction of FPE has negatively affected the poor in terms of taking their children to the ECD has great(p) implications to fighting poverty in the country. It shows that the children of the poor have poor pedestal and will approximately likely perform poorly later in life thereby widening the poverty gap wider even so 1. 6 Significance of the Study This study is important because of a number of reasons. First, the government mustiness know the impacts of its funding primary schools or otherwise institutions.The FPE is an integrated development program and it should lead to a holistic development of the education sector in general and not a lopsided development of the country. Secondly, the government will get information on the level of foundational education in rural areas and design trenchant policies that will aid the state in ensuring high standards of education in ECD and ensure effective transition from ECD to primary school. Thirdly, there is an ongoing squelch on t he government to fund the ECD sector in Kenya. This paper is meant to ensure that this goal is attained.Lastly, educational practitioners curiously ECD afternoon teachers and administrators will be reminded of the need to ensure a high level of enrolment in ECDs and effective transition to primary schools 1. 7 Limitations During the study, the police detectives were limited by the following factors. First and foremost, rural ECD managers were not instinctive to talk about the low enrolment in ECD centers. They feared that releasing the information would lead to negative publicity. Secondly, most residents were not veritablely open to give information on where their children were learning to outsiders. Thirdly, the county is very large and expansive.It was not very easy for the researchers to travel from one location to another due to poor and rugged terrain. Fourth, most residents have just recovered from the post electoral violence that affected most of the Republic. They are very suspicious of new comers and more so even residents asking questions. They easily take such gestures as police investigations. Fifth, though not least, the researcher was affected by lack of sufficient funds to read out an in depth analysis covering the entire zone. Even if funds were availed, there was still the need for more clip to carry out the work.The researchers were affected by lack of sufficient time since they are full time teachers who need time to run their institutions apart from orchestrateing research work. The project was also be affected by low literacy rate since most parents are not literate enough to interpret and respond to questionnaires. 1. 8 Delimitations The delimiting factor is that the researchers come from the study location and are highly acquainted(predicate) with the area. Secondly, the researchers being ECD and Primary teachers, have long and extensive experience and contact with ECD and primary school children.They are also conversant the running of ECD centers in the country. Thirdly, the researchers used written questionnaires distributed to schools. This minimized the time needed to pass away from one institution to another and effectively reduce the time needed to talk with an interviewee. CHAPTER TWO Literature revaluation 2. 1 The effects of the introduction of FPE on enrollment Many studies have been conducted to ascertain the actual effect of FPE on ECD enrolment. Most of the studies have been conducted by International development Agencies such as USAID and DANIDA.The most comprehensive overview, however, are the studies conducted by UNESCO and approved by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. A UNESCO indemnity Review Report, UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project, 2005, hereafter to be referred simply to as the UNESCO give out 2005, addresss that, A 1969 subject field counted about 200,000 children enrolled in 4800 ECD centers with about 5,000 teachers. The number of ECD Cente rs and teachers have been growing steadily and, after a stalled join on of only 15% between 1993 and 2000, the enrolment ratio leaped by 50% over the next tierce years.The current (2001/02) GER in preschool is officially 35%, although the Governments own statistics appear to show a GER of 48% in 1998, falling to 41% in 2002. Such a report shows a decline in GER in ECD. The year in which the FPE was introduced is 2002. thitherfore, changes occurring between 2001 and 2002 truly indicate effects of FPE on enrolment. A UNESCO Policy brief on Early Childhood entitled the Impacts of Free Primary Education on Early Childhood Development in Kenya, Jan. to Feb. 2006, by Yoshie Kaga, claims that the overall effect of FPE has been the reduction of enrollment in ECD.Here is an excerpt from the report, Studies have been conducted to assess the effects of FPE on ECD centers. Some report on negative effects, part others note no major draw backs. While the overall impact of the form _or_ syste m of government is yet to be primed(p), the UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Mission, which took place in September 2004, observed that the policy did have a negative impact of FPE on ECD in Kenya and outline two major options that whitethorn mitigate possible negative impact. EFA Global Monitoring report, 2005, UNESCO Publishing reports that the gross enrollment rate for the age group 3 to 5 was 44.4% in 2001. However, the theory that enrollment rates declined as a result of the introduction of FPEs is not automatically to be accepted. Some reports indicate that the GER increase as a result of the introduction of FPE. The UNESCO/OECD Report, 2005, reports in item number 3. 4. 1, The Background Report of Kenya shows that, while enrollment increased substantially from 1,076,606 to 1,281,846 between 1998 and 2002. A closer look at the figures, however, suggests two rather disturbing trends.First, GERs in preschool have clearly declined since 1998 from 48% to 41%, and the m ajor overall decline took place between 1998 and 1999 before the FPE option arose. In fact, a small increase occurred from 2002 to 2003, after FPE was introduced in January 2003. Second, while he 1998 GER was about the same for boys and girls, a gap of about 4% in favor of boys opened up in 2001 and grew to 6% in 2002. The figures in the above report are not the same as other documents. According to the Quantitative Study of the Early Childhood Development Project Final report to MOEST statistics, the 2002 figure is 1,416,048 and not 1,281,846.These dissenting views and conflicting figures show that the inverse relationship between FPE and ECD needs to be verified by qualified actuarial review. The extent of the relationship may need other factors to justify other than the factors stated above. 2. 2 Factors that have led to low enrolment as a result of introduction of FPE in Kenya Many workers have tried to give reasons for the decline in ECD enrolment as a result of the introdu ction of FPE. However, these are not in the form of complex scientific theories. The UNESCO Policy Brief on Early Childhood is one such document.It explains the phenomenon in the following terms, The main reason for this phenomenon is that since the implementation of FPE, poor parents are choosing to withdraw their children from ECD centers and/or keep them at home until they reach the age of primary school entry. They refuse to pay the fees for ECD on the grounds that ECD, lie primary education, should be free. However, this self-reliance needs to be corroborated by more extensive scientific studies on the causes of the inverse relationship. Economic theories may help to describe the situation better.According to Ricardian analysis, low cost items such as table salinity are already sold cheaply and are therefore associated with poor sections of the population. If the price of salt, for example is decrease further, it becomes too cheap and the buyers may shift for more costly bra nd of salt. This theory seems to hold straight for the ECDs in rural areas of Kenya. They are considered very cheap. Due to government subsidy, the parents may actually feel that the lumber of primary education in public primary schools will decline. They see children who have been idle at home, such as street children being brought to school.This makes them to hate public school education and instead opt for the costly private schools. As a elementary strategy, they decide to enrol their children in private ECDs with the ratiocination that by the time the child enters primary school, he or she will have laid a strong foundation in ECDE. The UNESCO/OECD Report in section 3. 3. 5. Reports that, Meanwhile, an assessment study of FPE on ECD carried out jointly by the MOEST and UNESCO in February 2004 found that ECD programmes had almost collapsed because childrens enrolment had decreased after the introduction of FPE.The study found that parents opted to send their children straigh t to standard one, which became free, without having them go through ECD, which was still fees paying. Moreover, Standard one teacher reported that children who skipped ECD had difficulty coping with lessons in primary school and poorly performed. Section 3. 3. 4 reports that, The Review Team found widespread anecdotal examine of drops in enrolment at ECD centres, particularly in poor provinces such as North Eastern many parents have by passed ECD alone many others send their children only to pre-unit class of ECD to prepare them for primary school.In some areas, parents are guardianship their children at home until they reach the age of 6 entitling them to free education. Yet other factors have been suggested by the UNESCO Policy Briefs on ECD. Calling it the unintended consequence on ECD, the report went on to report that, ECD classrooms set up on the premises of public primary schools have been shut down in vow to accommodate the surge of enrolment in primary schools spa rked by FPE. In some cases, ECD children and teachers must put up with reduced space in others, they have been moved to the worst classrooms in the premises.At the partition level, inspection and supervision of ECD centres some of which is carried out by the district based Zonal inspector of schools, have reportedly become less frequent. The UNESCO/OECD report presents a critique of the situation thus in spite of these observations, the impact of FPE on ECD is still subject to dispute. For example, it is unclear whether FPE has been the main cause of falling ECD enrolments, given the evidence that the decline may well have begun well before the introduction of the policy.Also, it is yet to be determined how many of the unprepared pupils newly flowing into standard one would have gone to ECD centres if FPE had not been in place. The influx could simply be explained by a rising enrolment of at risk children who would not have been able to afford primary education when it was fee p aying, let alone ECD centres. 2. 3 Impact of FPE on enrolment in ECDs There is an indication that poverty may be a great factor determining patterns of enrolment in ECDs. The UNESCO/OECD Report 2005, reports in section 3. 3. 8. Suggest that there is no direct relationship between FPE and ECD.Otherwise, such relationship could exist between FPE and other factors that mitigate take to low enrolment. The paper points at poverty as one of the factors that lead to low enrolment as a result of the introduction of FPE. Section 3. 4. 3 on inequalities in the same report shows that, There are obvious geographical inequalities. In Nairobi, for instance, far more children are likely to be enrolled in ECD than in other provinces with similar poverty levels. Meanwhile, North Eastern Province has the highest poverty level and the worst enrolment rates. There are also gender disparities.In Nairobi, girls are more likely to be enrolled whereas in North Eastern province, the reverse is observed. T he report claims that the poor are generally not able to access ECD services. Even within Nairobi, plaza and upper class children benefit most from preschool experiences. Overall, those lacking access to preschool services tend to be children from disadvantages communities such as semi arid and arid areas and urban slums. This observation is reinforced by the findings of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. (UNICEF/Government Survey, 2000) showing that 29.5% of children whose mothers had secondary education were enrolled in some form of ECD compared to 10. 7% of those whose mothers had only stark(a)d primary school and 12. 4% of 2002 of those whose mothers had no schooling. There is also a clear association between GERs in 1998 and 2002 and the absolute poverty indicant (1997) at the district level, with eight of the ten correlations being negative and statistically significant though not very large. The table below was meant to encapsulate the correlation between poverty inde x and Ger at district level.If these reports are anything to go by, the researcher expects to find the decline in ECD enrolment to affect mainly the public ECD centres as opposed to the private ECD units. 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Boys -0. 355 -0. 252 +0. 145 -0. 096 -0. 271 Girls +0. 007 -0. 287 -0. 272 -0. 048 -0. 290 Correlations between poverty index (1997) and GERs at District direct Ref Kenya Human development report (2001). UNDP/Background Report of Kenya for the UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project (2005). MOEST , Govt of Kenya.Statistically significant p is less than 0. 05. The researcher will therefore study the impacts of socio economic spatial relation on enrolment in ECD centres. CHAPTER THREE Methodology 3. 1 Research Design The researcher adopted the diagnostic research design. According to Kothari, diagnostic research studies are necessary to establish spring and causal nexus of two or three phenomena. The diagnostic research design was be ineluctabl e as the researcher was needed to establish causality among variables school enrolment and enrolment. 3. 2 Location of the Study.The study was carried out in Konoin District, Mogogosiek Zone. It targeted three schoo 3. 3 Target Population The study targeted ECD children, ECD teachers and primary school ear Teachers in Early Childhood Development centres. 3. 4 Sample Population The study sampled ten schools from a total of twenty two in Mogogosiek Zone, Konoin District, Bomet County. 3. 5 Sampling Method The researcher used simple stratified sampling. The listed schools were classified as boarding and day schools. Two schools were picked from private and three schools will be picked from day public schools category.The proportion was used since there are only 1 out of 5 boarding schools in the zone 3. 6 Research Instruments The researcher used questionnaires and study schedules as the basic research instruments. The questionnaires will be designed and tested on a school that is not part of the samples. The test will enable the researchers to determine the efficacy of the questionnaire. The researcher then wrote to the heads of the sampled schools seeking permission to conduct research in their institutions. The researcher sampled three schools representing all types of primary schools in the study locale.CHAPTER FOUR Data Representation 4. 1 The Extent to Which ECD Enrolment Declined as a Result Of Introduction of Fpe in the ten Sampled Institutions The researcher studied the data from ten schools relating to the rate of enrolment just before and after the introduction of FPE. The results were as under SCHOOL ECD ENROLMENT IN 2000 ECD ENRLMENT IN 2001 ECD ENROLMENT IN 2002 ECD ENROLMENT IN 2003 1 51 50 53 43 2 48 47 53 44 3 67 69 71 58 A 41 43 44 61 B 47 52 51 58 The graph below depicts these data.The results show that there was a general trend for the enrolment in ECD in public primary schools to decline in the year following the introduction of FPE in 2002. There was increase of the number of pupils enrolling in ECDs manned by private schools following the introduction of FPE. 4. 2 Reasons for the Decline Of ECD Enrolment as a Result Of Introduction Of FPE The researcher sought to establish the causes of declined enrolment in public ECDs following the introduction of FPE in 2002. The following responses were established. curtilage GIVEN % OF RESPONDENTS Fear of low quality due to high enrolment in class 44% Fear of poor foundation in public ECDs 23% Need to give children good ECD foundation before joining private ECDs 76% Decline in the status of public ECDs 39% call for for free education in class one 17% These data show that most parents pet private school ECDs to public school ECDs due to the reasons above fear that the free primary education would lead to high enrolment hence low quality of education the fear that the public school ECDs were not preparing pupils adequately for primaryschool education need to children good ECD foundation and the decline of the status of public school ECD.This was aggravated by the introduction of street boys enrolling in public primary schools. 17% esteemed to get free education in class one hence skips the ECD class in order to achieve this. 4. 3 Impact of FPE on ECD Enrolment per Economic Class The researcher sought to establish the effects that the introduction of FPE has led to decreased enrolment in ECD by economic class. She studied the study of ten pupils in each sampled school to determine their economic class.It is found that most of the high class parents of course send their children to schools A to D. However, the following statistics relate to the composition of the pupils in the ECDs attached to public primary schools. The parents were classified as either poor earning less than 3000 per month or average earning between 3001 and 6000 per month. The statistics below show the effect that the introduction of FPE affected the composition of pupils enrolli ng in public school ECDs. SCHOOL POOR mediocre LOWER MIDDLE 1 88% 8% 4% 2 78% 9% 13% 3 91% 5% 4% CHAPTER FIVE.Conclusions 5. 1 The Relationship between the Introduction of FPE and Enrolment in ECDS Attached to Public Primary schools The study established that there is a negative relationship between the introduction of FPE and the enrolment in ECD centres in ECDs attached to public primary schools. The introduction of FPE led to reduced enrolment in primary schools in these schools. 5. 2 The Effects of Introduction of FPE on Enrolment in ECDS in Private Primary Schools The study established that the introduction of FPE in 2002 led to increased enrolment in ECDS in private primary school 5.3 Causes for the Low Enrolment of Pupils in Public Primary School ECDS as A Result of Introduction Of FPE. The study established that the introduction of FPEs led to low enrolment in ECDS in public primary schools due to the following reasons First, most parents feared that the admission of many p upils in primary schools will lead to low quality of education. They therefore sought to enrol their children in private institutions to send off from the low quality education to be experienced in public primary schools.Secondly, the parents associated the introduction of FPE in public primary schools to low prestige. The poor class could now take their children to school. This was not possible before. Those in the average class sought to take their children to better schools in order to maintain their status ahead of the poor class. Thirdly, the introduction of free education in primary school led to the poor class parents taking their children direct to class one in order to escape the fees paid in ECD and directly benefit from the FPE program 5. 4 Effects of Introduction of FPES on ECD per Economic Class.The introduction of FPE led to decline in the number of the children of the economically poor members of the community as compared to the middle class and the rich who continue d to take their children to private school ECDs. APPENDIX A Questionnaire for ECD Teachers This questionnaire is part of a research project carried out by the researcher in partial fulfilment for award of the sheepskin in ECD. The information obtained will be used for academic purposes only and will not be divulged to third parties. PART ONE General Information 1. Number of Years You have worked in the get off____________________ Current position held_______________2. Kindly give the pupils enrolment in your class by filling the form below YEAR BOYS GIRLS TOTAL STREAMS 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 3. Who pays for your wages? Parents NGO County Council 4. Who collects the fees? Heat Teacher Pre-School Teacher 5. How is the fee roll up if parents fail to pay? Sending pupils Teachers visiting parents 6. How are you paid your wages? Monthly Quarterly 7. atomic number 18 parents willing to pay school fees? Yes No 8. Is the fees paid enough for your wages?Yes No 9. Are defaulters of fees everyday? Yes No 10. If yes, what reason do they give for defaulting? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 11. Are head teachers supportive in dealing with defaulters? Yes No 12. - What is your suggestion to the government in relation to free primary education and the way it affects preschool parents?- ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 13. Briefly give the age range of the pupils in your current class. SEX 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BOYS GIRLS TOTAL 14. Briefly give the range of pupils in 2003 class. SEX 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BOYS GIRLS TOTAL 15. I n your opinion, has the entry age changed since introduction of FPE?Yes No 16. Do your pre school classes have a committee? Yes No 17. How often are parents meetings held? in one case a term. Once a year. 18. Do you keep financial records of fees collected? Yes No 19. If yes, how many pupils failed to complete fees in the previous year ? _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Thank you very much for responding to questionnaire truthfully and for being mindful of our research. God bless you. APPENDIX B.Bibliography 1. Economics Simplified, 2009, Saleemi Publications, Kenya. 2. EFA Global Monitoring Report(2004). New York UNDP. S 3. MOEST, Government of Kenya,2005, Background report of Kenya for the UNESCO/OECD Early Chidhood Policy Review Project, Government of Kenya. 4. Ngwere M. W. et al (2004). Quantitative Study of the Ken ya Early Childhood Development Project, final report to the MOEST, June 2004. Nakuru Sermon educational Consultants. 5. UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project, Policy Review Report Early Childhood Care and Education in Kenya, by UNESCO, Paris, February, 2005.6. Yoshie Kaga, 2006,UNESCO Policy Brief on Early Childhood, Impacts of Free Primary Education o Early Childhood development in Kenya, Paris. APPENDIX C Work Schedule MONTH YEAR natural process TO BE DONE December 2010 cookery for the research proposal and budgeting January-March 2011 Writing of the proposal April 2011 Approval for the proposal May 2011 Compiling and revising of the research proposal June-July 2011 Collection of the data August 2011 Analyzing of the data September-December 2011 Compiling and presenting the final project. APPENDIX D Budget.ACTIVITY PLACE/ITEM/USE AMOUNT KSH Travelling For Literature review during data collection while typing and compiling the project. 5001,5002,000 Stationery Pap ers, pens, ruler, books, foolscaps, stapler, paper bunches 2,000 Typing/photocopying Research proposal and final project. 3,500 Food Lunch, tea break, snacks 1,500 Miscellaneous Expenses Emergencies 2,500 TOTAL 13,500 APPENDIX D Introduction letter CHEBET JOYCE, KIRIMOSE PRIMARY SCHOOL, P. O BOX 174 , LITEIN. twenty-fifth JUNE 2011. TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Dear Sir/Madam, REF PERMISSION TO CONDUCT RESEARCH IN MOGOGOSIEK ZONE.I wish to seek for permission to conduct a research in your pre-school centre on THE EFFECTS OF demonstration OF FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRAM ON ENROLMENT IN ECD CENTERS in MOGOGOSIEK zone. I am a Diploma Student at Valley Teachers Training College The Kenya National Examination Council is requiring a research as part of examination from me. I am therefore required to collect data from your E. C. D. E teachers, parents, and head teachers of the selected school. I look forward for your positive respond. Thanks in advance Yours Faithfully Chebet Joyce.