Since the 1960s, a growing number of people have been moving away from Essay - 1

Since the 1960s, a growing tote up of hatful turn in been moving away from villages and small towns to big cities in both developed - bear witness ExampleI will then discuss the effects migration has had on cities and rude areas in Britain and gold coast to highlight the similarities and differences between the problems faced in developed and developing countries. Lewis (1982) argues that migration is caused by a series of forces which throw out people to leave one place (push) and attract them to another (pull). Push factors include the decline of born(p) resources in rural areas. For example, the exhaustion of mines, timber and agricultural resources can result in fewer jobs functional in rural areas, causing poverty, which forces people to move to urban areas in the hope of finding work. Parnwell (1993) overly cites high rural commonwealth maturation as a reason for rural-urban migration. This is because it results in a unornamented of labour in rural areas, forcing peo ple to move to urban areas to find jobs. Environmental degradation of rural areas (e.g. over-grazing and draught) can also force people to mig cast due to food shortages. Religious strife, political persecution, escaping from subjugation and war also contribute to rural-urban migration Bogue (1959) also highlights that people leave rural areas due to the lack of canonical infrastructure (electricity and water supplies) and services (public transport, hospitals and schools). Parnwell (1993) highlights a series of pull factors that encourage people to move to cities, including migrants belief that superior opportunities for handicraft in manufacturing, construction, commerce and the service industry can be found in urban areas. Many people also move to cities to join kin already living and working there. However, Parnwell (1993) notes that despite migrants believing that urban areas offer an escape from poverty and better employment opportunities, the reality can be quite different , and unemployment and hardship are quite common it cities. Other people may move to urban areas because they may offer better career opportunities and higher wages. Better upbeat facilities such as education, increased access to doctors and health care, raised standards of living and better housing have also contributed to a growth in urban environments. Valentine (1995) also believes people move to urban areas for their emancipation of expression and liberation, e.g. urban areas allow people to express themselves in ways not realistic in rural areas, e.g. creation of gay and lesbian districts. However, Parnwell (1993) notes that cities can also provide a risk and intimidating environment for others, e.g. fear of crime. Modern urbanization in developing countries is unlike earlier growth of towns and cities in developed countries (Kemp, 2004 123). In Ghana urbanization is not driven by industrialization, but by natural growth and migration from rural areas. Ghanas current popul ation stands at 24.8 million (CIA, 2010), in which 51% of Ghanaians live in urban areas. Every year the urban population grows by 3.4%. A developed country such as Britain on the other hand has 80% of its population already living in urban environments, with a much slower urban growth rate of 0.7% per year (CIA, 2011). Jackson et al (1996) claim that the process of urbanisation in developing countries such as Ghana tends to be less controlled than in developed coun